Recording, Recording. Go for it. Alright. Share my screen here. Bear with me. I'm working on some technical difficulties here, but I'll get them graded. You're in a degraded Fleet Experience, parabola degraded state. And find my seminar. Tell me more about diversity or my degraded state which kind of fits the world and also my mental state right now, but yes as well also, I will started to throw out there too, that if you're an employee, and I believe this works for graduate students and above. So if you're an undergraduate, my E might not have access to this, but we have the ability to do what's called the lead certificate. I'll post it in the chat when I can get the link. What this is right now is a series of classes that's offered by the Office for equity and diversity. And right now they're all offered on Zoom. Actually really convenient to take, it's a sequence of classes. And so I can say actually I just completed my certificate this week. And it is basically a lot of training. Just let us know sort of what's going on in terms of privilege, equity and all sorts of issues. So I filled enough space. Yes. Perfect. I will take it here. So thanks, Jen. So what I thought I'd do is give you guys an idea of what we're doing in Wozniak marine organic geochemistry lab or the was MOG lab just because I've always wanted an acronym for my neck, my lab. So this is the these are the laws mod lab personnel here. The top-left is a blink. She's our lab manager. She keeps the place for learning and really has been super invaluable, especially during the pandemic. The bottom left is chase wonder he's an undergrad. He's been working with us since last fall. He's been working with TEA, leaning on a project and all describe a real brief detail in a bit. And TEA and Rachel open the top center here, our master's students that became with me in the fall than probably most of you haven't met them because we've been locked down. So if you see them, please say hello. And then in the top right here is Nicole coffee, and the bottom right is chess or Nike. They graduated last summer with their masters degrees. And I'll briefly describe justice work and describe the work than the coded in some more detail. So the work that we do in lab is or organic geochemistry and maybe a little bit of biogeochemistry thrown in watersheds, marine atmospheric environments, so pretty much everywhere but inland. And, and the, and the force. Thirdly, the linking component to the work is that we like to do detailed studies of organic matter molecular composition. So we are interested not only in quantifying dissolved and particulate organic carbon, but understanding the molecules that are making up that composition so that we can link that composition to the multitude of sources that might be in a water. So water sample or a sediment sample or salt more subtle, for example. And then tie that to some impact or fake in the environment. So I'll describe one of those examples in detail today. We use a variety of different instruments. Here are just three of them. On the bottom left is the total organic carbon analyzer down in the shared lab in canon. And the middle here we use fluorescence spectroscopy to look at the fluorescent but organic matter. I'll talk about that briefly today. And then in the bottom right is a picture of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer at the national high magnetic field lab in Tallahassee, Florida. And we use ultra high resolution mass spectrometry quite a bit for most of our projects. So Rachel, already, he is working on a project funded by the American political societies petroleum research fund itself, building on work. I'm Tim for them when actually back in the nineties when he was working towards Luther, Torch came to me with these data and made a compelling argument that it was worth looking into more detail. And so I want you to pay attention to these black dots here that show the carbon sulfur ratio of the humic acids. And as you go down in depth in each of these different cores, which represent different dates, carbon and sulfur ratio decreases, which means the sulfur is being preferentially retained in the sediments. And because these are humic acid extracts, they're primarily, we can make the assumption that this sulfur is primarily organic. And so this is important in the context of coastal ecosystems, which end up, it turns out sequestering a lot of carbon in them in what's known as blue carbon. And that's of interest lately due to sea level. Because as sea level rise, sea level rises, we're projected to lose some of these ecosystems and some of this carbon will be freed up and potentially released back into the atmosphere. So the focus of this project is really looking at those molecular forms. I'm trying to understand which parts of these what are the processes, what are the mechanisms for that organic sulfur, sulfur utilization? And what are the molecules look like? Tea is working on a project that is funded by NSF score product that's lid, how you might call it kept Mr. wicked is the pebble in water and the changing coastal and part of the project is split into threats and solutions. And I'm a part of threat three, which was initially led by Bill Pullman and he was tunnel enough to include me in this work. And, and threat trees interested in ester and nutrient sources and loading eutrophication acidification in our component is to look at the dissolved organic matter, dissolved organic carbon in them. Right now, the murder cholesterol battery, but we'll be expanding to me in Wednesdays. T is funded by this work. And she is primarily interested in understanding how do event-driven hydrology, watershed land use and season interact to determine that the dissolved organic matter quantities and the quality of the composition, the molecular makeup of that organic matter that's export it to Delaware coastal waterways. So she has some pretty interesting data that we're excited to expand upon that really shows that the particular high flow events really change both the males and the composition of the dissolved organic carbon that's being exported to the day. Suggests or Nike, who just graduated last summer, that her work primarily with rainwater looking at nitrogen and this built on work that was done by our colleagues Tom church and Joe Scott lurk in the nineties and into the 2000s. And you can see in the bottom center here that they had quite an extensive data set looking at ammonium and nitrate. It's part of the National Trends Network. But they didn't have much in the way of organic nitrogen data. So we know that the total nitrogen that's deposited to watersheds has decreased significantly since the nineties, primarily due to the Clean Air Act and associated technologies that have been put in place. But we didn't know until Jess's work what was happening with the dissolved organic nitrogen, which also appear to be reduced by about 55% over that time. So dissolved organic nitrogen isn't well characterized, but probably it should be. It's about 20 to 25 percent of total nitrogen and it's rarely measured. Interestingly, some other findings of her work or that this dissolved organic nitrogen, in terms of looking at patterns of abundance, are decoupled from the inorganic nitrogen and from the dissolved organic carbon. So the DON cycle with temperature or growing season, which indicated primarily biological source that is different from both the DOC and inorganic nitrogen. When we looked at the composition, you can see the influence of both the biological and anthropogenic influence. But we don't have enough time to really go into that in much detail. Jess is off to the University of Alaska where she's now a lab technician. And Nicole who whose work I will talk about here is off the Oregon State University. She's actually see on a cruise. Working with Renee are tough. Okay. So Nicole's work, which I will now discuss in significantly more detail than those projects had to do with examining the surface micro layer. And this is funding that I got through a, a UDL or F a word, which really is a great mechanism for in some kind of pilot studies like this one that can then go on to apply for more funding. So I've recently just resubmitted the proposal to follow up on this warped NSF. And just to orient, you were talking about the surface micro layer, which is layer at the surface of the water body, but particularly the oceans and the estuary. That is tens to hundreds of microns thick. And because of where it's positioned between the water and the atmosphere, it has really unique chemical, biological, and physical properties and of interest to our group in particular. You tend to accumulate a specific kind of organic matter. These surfactants have amphiphilic properties that are, are kind of depicted here. These ends are hydrophobic it into that likes the air and the balls here would be the hydrophilic ends that like the water. And so they accumulate at the surfaces and are thought to be responsible for a lot of these processes. So micro layer, as it turns out, is important for a couple of different ARC exchange process is the exchange of gases, which I'm showing over here on the left. The gases are fluxing back and forth. To accommodate biology. You can see I've got carbon dioxide and oxygen, which can both be drawn down from the atmosphere. Course, carbon dioxide fluxes are important for climate as well. But there are other climate relevant gases that are fluxing as well. Dimethyl sulfide and volatile organic carbon can be released to the atmosphere to form aerosols, which can then go on to form clouds and impact the climate that way. And then of course, methane and nitrous oxide or greenhouse gases as well. On the right is a diagram of the aerosol emission process, the sea spray process from the sea surface. So you have waves breaking those will generate bubbles. Those bubbles can then eject into the atmosphere. And of course, because they're bubbles, they have a environments similar to what the micro layer experiences with air in the middle and water on the outside. So you get that the organic matter that enriched in the micro layer is also enriched in these aerosols. Can then go up form aerosols, impact cloud formation, and impact climate. So understanding the micro layer is going to inform both of these process. So how is it going to inform that? Well, so we have the surfactant concentration is at the micro layer. It looks something like these little diagrams here. As those concentrations increase, the surface tension of the water decreases. That's going to decrease the rates of gas exchange. It's also going to decrease surface ripples and turbulence in the surface ocean. So our interest as organic geochemists are primarily in the surfactant organic matter compounds. What are they and where do they come from? These have been studied to some extent in the eighties and nineties, but not with the tools that we have available today. And then in addition to that, we're interested in the biogeochemical and oceanographic factors that are going to promote surfactant accumulation. So that we can maybe get to understanding some relationships between these biogeochemical factors and some ARC relevant processes. So you DRF does not fund open ocean work, but it will fund time on the boats to get out in the Delaware Bay. And Nicole said before different station sushi for example, the subsurface water and the surface micro layer act. Now for the murderer, kill it. Bowers beach in the middle of the bay, at the mouth of the bay, what we call our marine station. And then at the mouth of the river up here in the invalid. So we kind of intentionally are varying the salinity regime and the organic matter regimes that we can get an idea of how these different sources of organic matter are going to, different biogeochemical environments are gonna impact the micro layer composition. So her goals here are our objectives rather, to assess the spatial temporal variability in that position. And they identified components and environmental factors that reduce surface tension. You can look here at the picture of the Delaware Bay to get an idea of the patchiness of them like layer. So these little slick areas you can see where they have ripple reduction are thought to have more of these surfactants. No more well established micro layer for sampling this material is tricky. How do you sample just tens to hundreds of microns of depth? Well, in the eighties, the, the technique that gained acceptances this class play techniques. This glass plate gets dipped into the water and slowly removed and the surfactant organics adhere to the plate surface. So then you take this little Teflon squeegee and squeegee that water into a water bottle. And I assure you that. Kevin Beam, who was our former captain of the RV day, were thought we were absolutely not. But this is how you collect a microliter, say. Okay. So we measure the dissolved organic carbon composition in our samples and we calculated were called enrichment factor. So you compare the DOC concentration in the micro layer to what's in the subsurface waters. And a value greater than one means you have an enrichment in the micro layer. And you can see that great majority of holes have values above one, and we do have one very high value here in December. And we also measure the surface tension here. You subtract the subsurface surface tension. Ie subtract them micro layer surface tension from the subsurface, surface tension to get a subs, a surface tension depression. And you can see that these enrichment in organic matter come with corresponding surface tension, depression. So we're changing the physical properties as we expected. And, and what we want to do then is examine how the deal and composition changes with that. Now I'm not going to look, go through this slide in detail because when I practice this, I was going to go log. So I want to tell you the main points here is that if you look at the micro layer in these fluorescent DOM 3D images here we have excitation and emission spectrum. And this is going to measure the composition of the subset of DOM That's fluorescence. You get a very different spectrum in the micro layer than you do in the subsurface water. It's dominated by this H peak, which is indicative of photobleaching. So the impact of the sun is greatest right there. And it's consistent across our sites. And, and that's important for reasons I'll go into that later. But importantly, we're getting differences between the micro layer and the subsurface waters. But this technique is not going to give us the level of detail or even the comprehensiveness in terms of the amount of DOM that we're characterizing. So to do that, I wrote up a proposal to go run samples at the national high magnetic field laboratory. They have a great program that will essentially let you run your samples for free if you can. And if you can get down there, you can go down there and see their operation. And that was a great experience for coal. She worked with a mechanic who's pictured here, who was really great in getting trained up on them. What are pretty laborious? Data processes, data processing steps. So they have a 21 tesla instrument pictured here, Nicole Rae and her sample from the 9.4 tesla. This would be kind of like your Lamborghini. And this is maybe a BMW, it's still pretty great. So what this technique does is it characterizes the dissolved organic matter in your sample that has polar and ionizable functional groups. So that's, can be quite a bit. Hesitate to put a percentage on it because it's a semi quantitative technique. But when you run a sample, you get a spectrum that looks something like this. So this is from a paper I published in 2008. Is on the X axis is the mass to charge ratio. So we're going from about 200 to 800. So not tiny molecules but not big proteins. And the value of the technique is its resolution. So now we're zoomed into a half of the mass to charge unit. And you can see that we're getting 20 or so different peaks. And because of the accuracy and the resolution in this instrument, you can assume that you have formulas that have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur as constituents. And then you can follow some kind of rules of organic matter binding, can assign molecular formulas to this peaks. And so when Nicole did that, she had upwards of 12 thousand molecular formulas. And we wouldn't have been able to do that without the collaboration, with the HTML. So we're grateful for that. So I want to orient you really quickly. When you get 12 thousand data points, you need to and molecular formulas you need to come up with ways plot these data and the prevailing diagram that gets used in the FDIC, our mass spec community is this fame Kremlin diagram. So it takes the molecular formula that you get here and, and plots if the hydrogen carbon ratio versus the oxygen to carbon ratio. And though we only get singly charged ions, can't get exact structures. We can, we can make some inferences on the structure of these compounds based on other compounds and where they would plot. So carbohydrates, sugars would plot up in this region the diagram, lipids and proteins. Down in this part of the diagram, you go to the bottom left of this diagram. You're forming compounds that have big aromatic rings. So we can also characterize these using some of these other terminologies. These would be fatty acids, carbohydrate trait like unsaturated, aliphatic or peptide like condensed aromatic stuff. So I'm going to show you some of these diagrams. So that's why I spent the time here, explains this. All right, what I've plotted here are two of our two samples from a sample pair from a site that was sampled and March out at the mouth of the bay. And you can see that the great bulk of the organic matter that were characterized is similar between these two samples. And that makes sense that they're physically connected. The subsurface water and the micro layer. But there are some important differences here in these yellow ovals. And, and the differences show that the micro layer accumulates these compounds or formulas in low oxygen the carbon ratios less than point to here. And high hydrogen, the carbon in particular, but also throughout the hydrogen, the HCI range. And these compounds are things that might be like lipid-like or protein like materials or unsaturated hydrocarbons. So these are compounds that might have that surfactant like composition. They can influence the physical properties at the mike layer. So again, i'm, I'm not going to go through and show you the, the 25 different sample pairs that the cold measured. To show you some of the differences in the, in the samples. Instead what we do is we use the relative abundance of all these formulas that we signed as inputs to principal component analysis. And and what's shown here are the samples from her various sites. The circles are the subsurface water and the x's are the micro layer. And we see two trends here in the principal component, principal component one and principal component two. For principal component one on the x-axis, we're seeing is that the DOM composition is varying by salinity. These are all our marine station samples. And this is down here in the green and the bronchial was it was a really low salinity probably after discharge of them. So the main driver of the deal and composition then is location. Here. It's not necessarily just the difference between the subsurface, the microwave. But if you look at the positioning of these x's and circles, you can see that the majority of the x's lie below the corresponding circles. And so that tells us that PC2 is being driven by this difference in composition in the subsurface versus the microwave. And so we can exploit that. And I'm not going to show you PC3. Pc3 shows you a similar story. So PC3 also helps in separating the subsurface waters from the mike. So if we look at the incredibly diagrams now of the formulas that that load significantly to a principal components. So you can take the principal component loading, scoring AND, and, OR and correlate that with the PC scores and get a, uh, correlations for those loadings. And so when I plotted here are the formulas that are correlated with negative PC1 loadings, which remember, is the our marine environment samples. And they show a significant differences from what we are seeing for more River and terrestrial influence samples at low salinity. And this has been found in previous studies. It's somewhat reassuring that we see it in our data as well. In terrestrial environment, you get a lot more samples with aromatic compounds, things like lignin and tendons and so forth. Whereas in the marine environment, you have formulas that have higher hydrogen to carbon ratios. And maybe a lot more of biological material as evidenced by this. These carbohydrates half of this week. But important to the micro layer and subsurface waters. We can see at a PC2 shows a associations with these formulas. Then I was pointing out previously in that one sample pair at low oxygen to carbon ratio and high hydrogen to carbon ratio. And in particular, these red dots are sulfur-containing for those. So putting them out there. And you can see that the subsurface water has, is predominantly characterized by higher oxygen carbon ratios and again, maybe some of these carbohydrate forwards. So these sulfur formulas are showing up as, as relatively important in these samples. And I, what I've plotted here is the relative abundance of these elemental formula looks and you don't need to look at the rest of the colors here. You can focus here on the red bars, which are the sulfur containing four walls. And what I've circled here are sample pair. So the micro layer samples on the left and the subsurface sample is on the right. And consistently you get a higher contribution from the micro layer relative to the subsurface and sometimes really deep differences in the sulfur content. So the salt per formulas are, are showing up as important to the micro layer and in potentially diagnostic of our micro layer composition. So salinity and location is the primary driver of the DOM composition. But when we look at the subsurface water and the micro layer, we're moving to this top-left corner of the diagram. And we get these and these aliphatic compounds with SEO a CHO as follows. We can look in the literature and, and try and identify formulas that are consistent with them. Recently, Nicole and I have been trying to write this up in-between all hook coursework. And we've identified some formulas that have been identified in algae and bacteria has sulfur lipid compounds. This is a little bit of a surprise to us. Typically you think about phospholipids in, in, in algae and bacteria. And we don't, we're not looking at phosphorus because it tends to partition into the particular phase. But clearly the self of lipids are something that we want to look into future with them with our NSF proposal. So real quickly so we can move along and get to Aaron's work. I'll just show you some surface tension data, right? So great. You show me something about the composition of the organics. What about impacts on the physical properties? Well, there's a correlation between surface tension in salinity that, that is going to obscure a heart. The influence of organic matter to some extent with higher salinity, getting higher surface tensions. But what we can do is, is honing in on a window of solidity of 27 and look at. The effects of your air. And when we do that, we find that the unsaturated aliphatic formulas that will pop in or FDIC or 15 grams orally with surface tension depression. So it looks like when you have more unsaturated that Alex, you get more response from the physical properties of surface tension. But clearly, this is something that we want to look in more detail with a better controlled study design looking at need open ocean experiments. So I'll wrap up then. These aliphatic sulfur compounds are enriched in the micro layer or are targets for future work using maybe some other approaches that have more structural information by LCMS mix. And these depressions appear to be linked to the mineral composition. And we'll explore that in more detail. And this photo bleach peak in the fluorescence spectra are of interests, particularly because it's a simple technique to use. And in fact, maybe something that can be measured from satellites. And that might give us some information on the global extent or, or a global map. Surface tension properties, if we can establish a relationship, we're not quite there yet. So I'll leave these acknowledgements up the funding on the right side here. And then I didn't mentioned asked undergrads a number of undergrads that come to the lab. And then Aaron Beam was great labor. We made some samples of the aims that so you want to do it. We can take questions or hourly. I think we will later to make sure that they can have people present in time therapy give an immediate question, please jump in into the chat, then prepare an answer. Otherwise, hopefully Aaron is ready to take over and continue to me. Great. Thank you very much. Let me get this going. All right. Does everyone see that? I assume so. Hope so. All right, everyone. Well, thank you very much for having me speak with you today. So today I'm going to do pretty much the same thing that Andrew just did. I'll introduce you to my lab. Overview of the kind of research we're doing. Quick discussion as well funded projects and then kind of fun project I've been involved in that kind of indicative of the type of work that my lab does. So first off, this is my lab. So we call ourselves a trophic and spatial ecology research lab or Tracer lab. We'll see if that sticks. I don't really know. It's not as good at was MOG. No doubt. My first thing here is Haley. She's currently a fellow and is it a PhD program at UBC? And I'm Devin Scott here who I'll talk a bit more about. Second, Jerry's Bradley Reyes upon doe, Andrea, like the until you, Rich Wong and Carolyn and weren't a key. In our lab basically focuses on fishes for the most part. And we're interested in studying the trophic ecology and basically call it lab. But increasingly we're getting more and more into eco physiology, especially working with John Cohen. And we have this wonderful new, basically a fish swim tunnel, rest barometer slash treadmill functionally down here you can see in the lower right, we can do a lot of fun physiology work on. So yes, we're interested in like why animals go, where they go. What they do when they're with their ecological roles are who we too, and how that influences ecosystem function really. So in terms of just click. So some of our recently funded work and some ongoing projects we have one of the ones, this is the project that Karen Horney key is working on. The project at Mount Oliver and myself got funded through not last year and the year. And basically what we're doing is we're going to be using animals. Sharks in particular is ocean sensors. So general idea is that the Mid-Atlantic, a particular, a lot of interest in hurricanes and other sorts of predictions, particular for hurricanes. And so I know it's been a lot of money funding different universities and programs to put up these AU, the picket lines that they send out during the hurricane season basically have flying back and forth including met Oliver and others here you can see here there's a little silicone glider to basically go out there and she was gone the ocean and hopefully improve the hurricane predictions. The only issue is that they're expensive and relatively short-term costs gets you to a $100 thousand for deployment. They can stay out for a few weeks. And relative to the speed of hurricanes, these these platforms move relatively slowly. And so they have a relatively station that small footprint. And so what we want to do is want to use these next generation conductivity temperature depth tags need td tags and put it on shark's fins. This is not a CTE tag, is a different type of tag. Will basically put these little electronics packages on them that are miniature CCDAs that every time the shirt standing breaks the surface, it will transmit water column profiles and temperature and salinity, much like you see down here in the nose, can be used to get ingested into Virginia graph models and inform hurricane predictions. And the idea is that by tagging in monitoring the movement of these animals, we can basically see the ocean with a bunch of animal ocean sensors that are going to be remotely providing us with these datas to help compliment those data that we're getting through with the gliders and other things. So these are the two species we're targeting here. The white points you're showing a bunch of tracks from blue sharks, which are one of our target species. And then the white points here on the shelf are these juvenile white sharks which will be tagging up off of Montauk, New, New York. And so hopefully the idea is that this will help improve our hurricane predictions and also provide a lot of valuable oceanographic model data for oceanographic models. Now the project funded by Sea Grant is what Devin Scott is working on. And he's basically looking at the ecological role of sharks and Delaware Bay. And insight in the similar simplistic term, what is their impacts on many species? So the state is interested in a lot of species. Striped bass, week fish, various other types of credits. Blue crab, obviously worth a lot of money to the state and sharks, there's a lot of sharks and Delaware Bay and they eat a lot of these things that the state is very interested in bringing a lot of money to say. And we don't really have a good understanding of what these animals are doing in the bait and what they're actually consuming. And so this project is aimed, the goal is to basically quantify the diet. It's animals understand where, how they plug into Delaware Bay ecosystem and come up with some bioenergy models and consumption models to get an idea of how many of these commercially or recreationally important species being consumed by the shark populations that are, are rebounding now because of protections. And another project we just got funded was led by Matt Oliver and includes myself, an alloca Huntley was funded by nasa and it's a very kind of exciting basic research project where we're interested in linking different biological traits of mobile marine species. Pelagic predators move over great distances using this dataset up here in the top left. This is from the tagging of Pacific Predators project, the census of marine life project I helped out with back in my PhD and post-doc, where we tagged 245 species of pelagic critters that move all over the place. So you can see from these tracks. And we're interested in understanding what the association is with the movements and habitat use these animals relative to dynamic oceanographic features such as Lagrangian coherent structures. And understanding how their relationships with these different structures scale with their ability to move. So bigger animals can move faster than smaller ones. So how quickly can they find these features, their physiology? So are they endothermic or exothermic because that can impact potentially how far and how fast they can move. And also electrophilic level, you might expect that lower trophic level animals are going to have a more rapid and more shorter time-frame until they start to exploit some of these features. If you have, say, a convergence zone that's aggregating potential prey and there's going to start maybe trigger some primary productivity phytoplankton blooms. Lower trophic level animals may be acute into that more rapidly. Phytoplankton and zooplankton filter feeders, things like that than larger predatory species, because a whole food web has to develop around those features before they're useful for bigger or more upper trophic level predators. So our ideas, hopefully we can come up with some first principles to predict where these kinds of animals will be in the future oceans. So that's kind of a quick overview type of work we're doing. I should also mention briefly that that's the funded work. There's a lot of stuff that we are in the process of of getting worked up and and funding. And that includes Marina us on this project, which is a very cool project on the eco toxicology of sharks. So she's looking at some of the sublethal effects of methylmercury on sharks. So sharks is upper trophic level predators by accumulate massive amounts of contaminants. It's been well known some of the highest methylmercury values ever recorded Fisher in sharks. But to date no one's ever actually done any studies to show this actually hurts them. It would be shocking if it doesn't. But no, we have no idea with the actual effects are of these high levels of methylmercury in these animals. So she's going to do a feeding study where she says is that Looking at metabolic rates, growth rates, and also cognitive ability. She's doing a really fun little part of a project is teaching she doing target training like they do in a query to see, train an individual sharp to react to a certain shape or target that you put in the tank until they come over and associated with food and you feed them. And so we'll be switching targets and seen how quickly takes them to learn over the course of these diets, fittings. And then Jerry Bradley is working on a really exciting project on Arctic scape up Scott inlet in the Arctic and looking at issues associated with their spatial ecologies. Me looking at a bunch of a huge dataset of electronic tagging data from these virtually unknown skate species that are very commonly cotton bycatch in Greenland halibut fishery and other things. And we don't really know much about what these impacts are. So anyway, so get into our little fun little story. This is going to be, like I said, I don't know. Hopefully some of you have heard of at least one cookie-cutter shark is, if not, then, you know, welcome to your little nightmare. So this is basically a cookie cutter shark right here and there. This little poorly understood species that lives in the misa pelagic and the open ocean that we know virtually nothing about. We think that they're very common, but we don't really know much about them, but it is unique biology to talk a bit about his background to this project we've been working on. That was kind of one of those fun, just fortuitous events that happen when I'm working with collaborators in one Bay Aquarium who were out trying to figure out if they could catch these for display and end up getting number of samples from these animals that are just really hard to find. So we basically wanted to figure out what we can learn from this opportunity. So to kind of set the stage about the biology of the shark, there're very poorly known, right? We knew they're out there. We didn't know what they did. But in the 70s and 80s, the US Navy had problem that was consistently happening to their nuclear submarines, particularly in the Pacific, where their, their sonar systems are being damaged by some animal that would leave these little crater like moon wounds or damaged his own, their holes in their sonar systems. In particular, they have these 2D arrays that they would drag behind the subs and other ones they'd raise up to the surface when they're trying to serve isn't busy areas, but also just the primary sonar. And they were like 30 or 40 sums that had returned to base because of these incidents and some of the more dramatic bikes or incidents that happened led to this subs being functionally blind. It just destroyed their sonar capacity. And it wasn't until about the late 70s and early 80s that they started to figure out that this was because animals are Biden. There's actually a big concern that the Soviets had developed a new type of weapon that was designed to make small little damage, damage our solar system. So our subs can track their subs and do all. At the same time. It turns out the Soviets were experiencing the same thing and thought that we were doing it to them. But it turns out those little animal, cookie-cutter shark biologist, all of a sudden connected the dots and found that yes, their job actually is perfect for making these bytes. And then they started kind of putting little bits of fiberglass over these. And that ended up solving the problem. So it ends up being this little tiny shark here. That cause millions and millions of dollars in the Navy and add them have to readjust a lot of their strategies and constructions of the, these very expensive and complicated nuclear subs. So it's cookie-cutter shark. So could get a shark is one of three of these species in the genus. Yes, they are. We think really abundant, but again, we don't really know. They're around, distributed throughout the world's oceans. As I mentioned, the armies of pelagic. So they basically live between about 3 thousand meters and the surface. And they do exhibit dial vertical migration, which is the biggest animal migration world that happens every day in every base. Water bodied and lakes and things like that. You can see here this is an echo gram sonar from from the open ocean. And you can see that basically the brighter colors indicate more backscatter. So there's a return on the sonar at that depth. And the brighter it is, the stronger the signal. So basically more biology, more stuff is in the water where it's brighter. And this is over the course of a day, so it's night here and you can see there's a lot of stuff up at the surface during the day. It comes down deep and then it comes back up to the surface. And so these are the deep scattering layer moving up and down vertically migrate and cookie cutter sharks follow this pattern where they're deep during the day and then they come up at night because the only time we ever encounter them is at night. Near the surface. There are relatively small. They max out at about half meter and they're very little. Like I said, very basically nothing is known about them. So why are they called cookie-cutter shark? So they have these really crazy and jaws you can see here is that John says the upper jaw. The lower jaw. This is the mouth. And you can see there's that lower jaw there. They have these unique kind of sectorial lips and as modified brachial cavity pharynx that they basically latch on to animals, suck on. They stick their lower jaw end of the animal and they spin and remove a perfect cookie cutter shaped plug out of the animal. And you can see here is a plug of whale blubber that pull, let them cookie-cutter shark stomach. And they do this, We think I just kind of floating in mid water. And actually they have their bioluminescent on their ventral surface. So they have photo for is on their stomach. And so if you, if you look back to this picture, they have this little black area around their color that they call it around their neck. There's no photo fours on that. So you can see that's what you see. Something when they light up, when you're down below and predators in the deep sea and the needs of pelagic, they're always looking up, looking for downward. Like this is a way they camouflage themselves. The only thing that stands out is this little color around their neck. And so the idea is that they look like something small and these bigger predators come into investigate and then when they get close to the sharp, basically nails. And so if you spend anytime out in the ocean working with fishes or whales or anything, you'll see cookie cutter shark bites on them. So here is, this is some, some dolphins. Here's an elephant seal. These are some SQL are from the white fish market. Even this little macro has those. This was taken off of Guadalupe Island, Mexico as being white sharking cave dive into street. You can see here the cage, the background, but cookie-cutter shark took a bite out of that thing. They buy everything basically. And just recently actually a few years ago they had the first document attack on life, human swimming across the channel. And so people who for some reason the scientists from across the channel at night and they'd been doing it more. And there's been since then has been three or four mm instance where these swim across the channel at night in these something little cookie cutter shark come up and just nail them, get this perfect little bite-sized plug pulled out of them. And even like the big, biggest fish in the ocean, the biggest, toughest fish, the white chart gets nailed by cookie cutter charts here you can see, here's one nice scoop out and here is a failed attempts where the lower jaw started to get embedded but basically couldn't get all the way through. So what are we actually know about what they did? So these are a tasting of kind of the types of studies that are published about them. If you notice from these titles, basically everything we know is based on where we see these bytes. And so we see bites and people use these bytes as ways to understand the movement dynamics, population dynamics of whales, turtles, and things like that. They're just, they're so ubiquitous. And so the understanding has been that these big, large animals are really what these sharks are focused on eating. And so one of my questions, when you started this business, this bias, our understanding of what they're actually doing out in the ocean. And so importantly, when you look at these animals, only a 147 stomachs of ever actually been looked at in a traditional way. That's been fisheries that we look at what animals are eating. And of those a 147 stomach and that was over 60 years. Every ocean basin, I'm only 44 percent of them are empty. And generally when there was stuff in there, especially historically back in the fifties and sixties and seventies, we didn't have a good way to identify with the stomach contents where because there are these plugs of tissue. And this is important, this is a big problem for most deep water animals. And so for this family, dog, fish family of sharks, which one of the most species, those families, almost 40 percent of our understanding of their species ecology is based on species that we've only studied 20 or fewer stomach. And so it just indicates the difficulty of learning what these deep sea animals are doing. And how when you start to, when you say Okay, here's what they're doing. When you actually go back and look at the data. There's actually very few had data about what these animals are doing. And so we're basically are interested in seeing what we can learn for about these animals. And in hat was made possible by this monitor. Like as I mentioned before, the Monterey Bay Aquarium would decide they want to see if they can hold them in cash, which would have been amazing. So they went out, they had the Oscar set and know about out off of the Big Island, why they did submit water Charles pocket back in late summer, early fall of 2013. You can see here's a little chart there. You can see it's glowing there. Here it is little tub. They got 15 of them. None of them live very long. But so we got 15 sharks though we can play with. You say throw in the freezer. The average size was about 33 centimeters. The biggest was about 43 centimeters, a small 17, a good mix of male and females therm in the freezer. And then years later when this we had the opportunity. The Ottomans tried to figure out what can we learn about? So we looked at the stomachs, but we also took a lot of different tissue samples. And we wanted to use different biochemical tracer approaches to see if we can learn something about what they're eating or what their habitat is. That we couldn't get just out of the straight cut stomach contents. Because if we looked at their stomach contents, these 15 animals, there's only, we only found two things at any of the other sharp stomachs. We found the chunk, two chunks of muscle, a muscle in two different sharks. Other than that and they were totally emptied. So we were going to use stable isotope analysis, fatty acid analysis, and environmental DNA approaches to see if we can learn what, anything about what these animals are. So really it's like, did they really primarily feed on high trophic level, big prey? And also just kind of this more investigation. How much can we squeeze out of these sample limited species? And so because there's gotta be more we can learn about them as opposed with beyond just the traditional stomach content analysis. So how did we do this? We use biochemical tracers in the basic idea is you are what you eat. And I'm sure most people here are generally at this point familiar with most of these approaches. But basically here is just a figure showing how you can use different tracers, chemical tracers to learn different aspects about the ecology, different ecological aspects and dietary aspects of these different critters. So for example, here if you look at the carbon isotopes that can tell you how much pelagic foraging or benthic foraging they're doing where they fall on that spectrum. You can use nitrogen to understand something about their trophic level. And similar. Similarly, you can use fatty acids in the same way. And then we want to use a DNA just to see if we'd use some DNA metabarcoding approaches, these empty stomach to see if there's any remnant DNA that we can actually detect. And so this is possible because basically these chemical elements, whether it's stable isotopes, are fatty acids, undergo these consistent and acceptable changes that they move up the food web. And so if you understand what the food that looks like, you can see how an animal plugs into it. And so we did was we went to the why fish market. You're in Honolulu, little fish market. And we sample a bunch of fish. And so here you can see some pictures I took. These are cookie-cutter shark bites on them and they're again bites on everything. And see a list of the species we sampled here, a bunch of different ones. And we also use data from another published study by choices inscriptions to an oceanography collected a couple of 100 samples from 14 species, just this is for the stable isotope and then the fatty acid work. And we did was we used cluster analysis to basically group these isotopic composition, the chemical composition, these animals into three distinct prey groups. So we categorize them. The three groups were basically these large epi pelagic species. So epi pelagic meaning they only live in the top part of the water column. They're up there day and night not going to be things like, you know, dolphin fish, my yellow and tune, Marlin and things like that. The group we call mezzo for space, which represents small epi pelagic and visa pelagic forage species really like me tofu and small crustaceans find fish in salary, things like that. These do undergo vertical migration, so they are moving from deep waters up to the surface. Night. And then we have this DVM group, which is the dye yield vertically migrating group, which is basically the big group. So these are all the bigger kinda critters that we think of as being potentially important, pray for cookie-cutter shirts, along with the epi, pelagic ones. So things like swordfish, big I2, and things like that. And so again, just to remind these two groups, the mezzo and the DVM group undergo diagonal vertical migration. So they're in this group that goes down during the day, up at night. Whereas the epi pelagic animals are up at the surface day and night. So what do we find? So he did a approaches basically identify prey items from the stomach contents and we'll actually not stomach contents. Empty stomach, there's remnant DNA in 67% of the shark stomachs. And that's only, that's 10. So there are five sharps and we didn't get eaten. It's from these items that were identified. The most abundant one was this species. This gene is called areola, which I know nothing about. And then there really is very little known about. I didn't know what it was until this popped up. So we had to dig up and feel it as but that's the small epi, pelagic fish that range is up and down, about 350 meters to sharks had small Pacific salary color label Sire out right here. And so another small forage fish. They're pretty, they're much more surface oriented. They're not really diving too deep. Just occasionally they're gone down. Goes the areola, which is much spends more time with depths. And then for shorts had tuna of some sort. We don't know what kind of tuna, but they were in the genus tennis, which could be from epi pelagic species like like a Skip Jack or something like that or Cowell. Or it could be misa pledge, a forager, like a big iTune are suddenly diving up and down. Vertically migrating much like cookie measure, we don't really know. But overall we found most importantly was that they primarily we're identifying small species. They weren't the big animals we typically identify. We didn't find any evidence of marine mammal in the stomach so or crustacean. But importantly, we didn't really have that. The primers and things we use for the EDA weren't able to identify invertebrates. So we don't really have a good idea of what the invertebrates might have turned up in the stomach contents. But like I mentioned, there were the two pieces of meat that were leftover here. It's delicious piece of tuna and here's a piece of salary and that was validated using Sanger sequencing. So basically they confirmed eating their results, which is always great. But so then in terms of the biochemical tracers, we started seeing some really interesting patterns. So this is just principal coordinate plot. So PC1, PC2, and then this is the muscle fatty acid results by size. So you can see large, medium, small and extra large. So we have extra small. So the smallest shark you can see it looks very, very different than the other ones, but the largest ones look different than the mid sized ones. So that tells you something very obvious very quickly that these small animals midsize and big animals are consuming slightly different things enough where they're fatty acid profiles are, are distinct. For muscle. And when you actually compare them to other species, other sharp Glasser brink species that basically are, some are going to be exhibiting potentially similar patterns of habitat use similar diets, some are going to look very different. We saw some more interesting pattern. So this is basically the same kind of plot for muscle. And it's the same kind of plot for liver and muscle integrates diet over a much longer period of time. So for fatty acids is one to three months or so, so it's going to reflect everything, maybe nevertheless one to three months. Whereas livers and much more metabolically active tissue. And so it's going to basically integrate, died over a shorter period of time, a few weeks to a few months. And what they found. And you can see the squares are in cookie-cutter sharks. And then these other points and symbols reflect either Gipsy or deep-sea commercial or pelagic or epi, pelagic species. And so what you can see is that the cookie cutter sharks are pretty distinct from everything. So if you look at the muscle, they're most similar to these two critters right here. This is some DO sister, this Greenland chart or the sleeper start seeing right here. These are two big deep water sharks that eat a lot. They're scavengers eat a lot of dead things that whales, whatever. So we know blubber is a big part of their diet. But if you look at the liver, you can see up here, again, the cookie cutter sharks are distinct from everything else. Most similar to this guy right here and down here. And this is the Bird, big dog, fish and a little gulp A-sharp to other squalor form chart. So the same order as them. So they mostly look like these two mezzo pelagic animals that we know something a bit more about their diet, which is that the worst networks have been looked at need more meso pelagic, motto foods, my sids and things like that. So small micro neck time, he's a pelagic micro.com. So when you look at the stable isotope results, this is stable carbon and stable nitrogen by size, the size the x-axis, nitrogen on the y axis or y axis for a and B. Kind of a scattershot. Boom, right? Not much of a difference by size except for the one small animal. So the one small animal he had, this is like the 17 centimeter animal, which is tiny as this little, tiny thing, not much bigger than the size of Earth we think. Um, but it's distinct, right? So we didn't go down enough data to really see if there's any kind of size based on static trend just because we're limited sample size, but there's no difference between sexes, no observable differences between spy size except for this one little small one which ends up being pretty important as I'll get to in a second. And so when you look at the stable isotope analysis, so stable isotope composition of the sharp compared to what their prey might be. Showing you. The white points are showing you the muscle and the red points are showing you the liver. And so this is just showing you basically this bread of carbon and nitrogen values for those 2000 animals. These other symbols are there potential prey off of Hawaii, and they're color-coded by the different groups. So the mezzo group, that small, micro necked on forage fishes down there. The dial vertically migrating big animals like swordfish, Europe up to that group. And then the epi pelagic animals are all fell out there. So you have to account for the fact that these animals are potentially eating each other. So what you do is you can actually adjust the steam. Values to reflect what their diet should look like. So you basically reduce then you step them down one trophic level. So if you stepped down the muscle values one trophic level, they fall down here. And you can see that kind of falls right in the middle of this mixing polygon between these different prey sources. The DVM is right here, I'm sorry, DBMS here. Epi pelagic is there and the visa was there. And again, muscle for stable isotopes actually has a longer turnover rate than for fatty acids or flex a longer period of time, 39 months. So Long-Term Integrated diet, whereas the liver is a much shorter turnover rate, few months. But you can see that it looks different. And so it looks closer to the mezzo prey than the muscle. So there's something potentially going on in terms of the, what they're eating at different times here. So then we can use stabilize to Bayesian I still mixing models to basically estimate how much of this with the, if you're looking at the muscle, how much of these different prey sources would have to eat to look like that. And it takes into account the uncertainty and a lot of different parameters. But basically the close you are to any one of those symbols, more important it suggests you will be. And so you can actually estimate original contribution of these different sources. And so you can see here, so this is going to the dial vertical migrating group, DVM at the end zone is proportional contributions. So what you see is that the DVM group in the knees over the most important prey groups. Over the long-term, the epi pelagic are relatively unimportant. If you look at the liver, you see reduction the importance of the DVM group, but an increase in the importance of the mezzo pelagic groups. So these micro nektonic animals. So the small prey really end up being the most important Prager, followed by the dBm group and the epi, pelagic group. The ones that are at the surface all day and all night are relatively unimportant. What's important is exciting. It was for us, was consistent with eating and fatty acids. So we saw some interesting potential **** hints that there's a seismic shifts going on with diet. And so all the tracer showed that the smallest shark is very different than the than the larger ones you could see here. Stay DLC stable isotope data and we saw the same thing or fatty acids. When we think this means is this elevated nitrogen value is indicative of increased reliance on visa pelagic trial based, microbial based food webs. There's an elevation and nitrogen with depth, we think that that suggests that these small sharks, the smallest sharks, are feeding entirely in the deep sea. The fatty acid results again, here's the smallest animal falls out over there. Suggested they're foraging and deep, lot of the types of fatty acids that are most abundant are common to the deep water cold, detrital food webs and lower trophic level species. So again, more indication the small animals are depth and not coming into the surface and not feeding on big animal. And so there's a study by papists TO and all where he went to the Honda little fish market over several years and basically surveyed bite marks, cookie cutter shark bite marks on all the prey every month for a couple of years. And found that all the bytes on the survey fish were from sharks greater than 25 centimeters. You can estimate the size of the sharp based on the size of the pipe. So no evidence for any of those bytes. If they're small sharks bite and they fish. Suggests that there's this ontogenetic shifts in diet and or habitat. And that this diagonal vertical migration that we see in the big animals may develop as they grow. And so the small ones may be restricted to short deep water habitats. But we also saw this interesting hint that there may be a seasonal shift in diet. So when you look at the muscle stable isotopes, long-term versus liver, which is short-term. You see increase importance of Neizha pelagic micron act on. The DNA results indicated the most important pray for the recent, most recent meals prior to death were the smaller species like Aereo mining coal Amos, followed by a tuna of some sort. We don't know which group they belong to. The liver fatty acid profiles, which resembled the bird beak, dog, fish, and a little gulp a shark. Those are both well-known defeat and misa pelagic my crew neck pons. So liver fatty acid suggests that, which is again recent diet that there's an increased importance of this might protect on it. What's also really kinda interesting is the timing matches period, the periods, the annual, seasonal period of time when numbers and bite marks the observed in this study by public, published on it to you. It was during the period of the year when they're basically are not many bytes occurring on the big animals. So open swordfish of the two species that we see cookie cutter charts most commonly on only the fish market. So our Sharks were caught this time a year. So you can see here it says month on the x-axis probability node. Note that big guy, the probability is much lower, so it's up to 80 percent, is still only 10 percent. So open swordfish, just orders of magnitude more important. So muscle is going to be integrating over that whole period of time. And so that's why we're thinking that we see more a relative increase the importance of these big critters like OPA and swordfish for this tissue that in turn integrates diet over a long period of time. Whereas livers are much shorter. And this is during the period of time when actually number frequency of cookie cutter shark bites is low or lower, lowest of the year or decreasing now we're here. So this suggests that there may be a seasonal shift and what the sharks are eating. Or if we don't know what that means is that a shift in the prey or shift in the sharks, the distribution or habitat, we don't know, but it's very intriguing. And so we just little cartoony put together to kind of indicate this pattern. You can see what's important to consider is that these different prey groups are available. The sharks at different times of the year, they're at different times of the day because the dial for migration, so the mezzo and a DVM prayer can potentially be fed on by the sharks throughout the day you'll cycle, whereas the epi pelagic Big Craig are only available at night when the shark is shallow. And so the DVM group is going to go up to the surface at night, that the group is stuck at the surface at night. And then the small sharks we think maybe just stuck down at depths. So kind of summarize it. So basically we found was that yeah, our results are suggesting that our understanding of their ecology is totally biased based on what we're seeing, which is natural and normal good, we're human beings. They have this. What's also really interesting, I think as more of an ecologist, they have this really unique ecological role where they're feeding on everything from the biggest highest trophic level predators in the ocean down to basically the lowest trophic level that you can. So. One trophic level to, so they're feeding everywhere in the food web and there's not many animals, I'm not sure of it. It will think of any in the marine environment that do something like this. Small prey are important throughout their life history. They feed primarily these animals overlap in their, their distribution that changes over the diurnal cycle. And we identified some potentially important shifts in habitat and diet. And one of the important things we've learned from this study is that for these deep sea animals that we get so few opportunities to study, you can learn a lot. If you really start to use these tracers that are complimentary, you can get even with these animals that don't have it in your stomach, you're going to learn a lot about what they're doing. And so it's another avenue, this kind of integrative approach. We can start teasing out a lot of things that you would not be able to get otherwise. And this is really important for these deep seeing these apply Vic species that are just so hard to access and study. And I'll leave it at that. You said about the coauthors on the cookie cutter shark study. This is the one video, Live cookie cutter shark swimming around off the ladder and dive enough coda. Get. So with that, I'll leave with answering questions. And Andrew, thank you very much. Thanks guys. Help. But think as you ended and I just had, could you get a shark pushing everything intimate mouth and so I think the Cookie Monster shatter. Alright, so if you can Zan line, we can ask questions and I'll open the floor up for questions first. If anyone wants to unmute and ask or type it into the chat window, either way is fine. Arun this meeting, I just want a compression. What lifespan of beef cooked cookie cutter shark doing? No. No idea. Okay. So like also we don't know like when they get to about age from seem like Nope. Nope, we don't we don't wave. There's only been one. Think they're born at around 14 centimeters. And given that their dog fish jog tissues are generally on the longer live side of things, but we don't know what their age we don't know when they mature, what their max age or anything. Yes. Yeah. Thinking well, I can ask my question for Andrew. Andrew, you had mentioned as you presented your data that there is the marine site was very off in terms of nitrogen. I think it was. And I was just wondering if you had any clues in terms what was going on at that point in time and why that would have been so different. The one Marine site had that very high enrichment factors. We don't know exactly what's going on at that location at that time. What I can tell you about that day was that it was particularly turbulent environment. And so you might think that that would have a negative effect and stir up the micro layer. But actually, when you have all those waves and turbulence, you're creating bubbles. And those bubbles are going to rise to the surface and bring that surfactant organic manner to the surface. So I think that is what what was happening on that exact on that day. Okay, thanks. Any other questions out there? Good question for Edgar Degas. And so those slicks, is that what we see just in any water like so I thought those physical oceanographers will slap me but it's like isn't, I thought those like lingua mirror circulation or something like that. So is that actually these micro layers that we're seeing? I think it's probably a combination of the two. But, but if you, if there's a lot of literature in from the seventies and eighties that are studying the micro layer specifically for its role in opening surface waves and for decreasing surface ripples. And so that's what people are looking at. It is these, these slick spots out in the middle of the ocean. And because the technique is going out and collecting samples, what a lot of people will do is, is go out and look for those licks, sample that to try and understand it a little bit better. Which of course is biases, things a little bit similar to your sharks, right? If you look, you know where they are because they like the sharks will you know more about the slick areas than you do about the general ocean because people are going out and sampling it. Slicks. All right. Anything else? I have a question for urine actually. So as you're going through, I'm just kind of anonymous when it comes to stable isotope applications and animals. But as you're going through your slides, there's the isotope lines and the fatty acid slides. And like the thing that that I think is, well, why don't you measure delta C 13 on your fatty acids, but then there's no nitrogen. Is there any value in measuring fatty acid synthase 813? Hearing nitrogen seems to be the more is where the variation is. In that system. It's just like there's very little carbon doesn't really end up being huge, but you know it, yeah, actually, I think it would be potentially just because when you look at the mixing pot, the different praise sources, it's clear we're missing something. I don't think we have. We don't have we haven't characterized the praise you completely and which is not surprising again, and it's just when you're studying those kinda of ecosystems. It's like not like you just go out and do it. So it's like accessing areas in the middle of the ocean as hard as you. Yeah. And so it's just it's just dumb. Yeah. So it's not surprising that we probably are missing something, but it's yeah. But that's actually a good point. I mean, we've talked a little bit about this, but it's worth following up on, I think setting there's probably something there. Following up on that. Actually, I was thinking about Fukushima and bound carbon and I don't know. I mean, I think way deeper than this. It has wondering actually catch, you're gonna see 14. And with Fukushima had been recent enough to actually discriminate between those deaths. That probably wouldn't be. But well, yeah, I mean, I think that the Fukushima isn't like cesium is like things the better. What's been used for tracing the movement of animals or more than the bond carbon, just get the bond carbon is a different signal that you get from the exploding bombs and that stuff. It gets complicated just because of like, you know, like ocean vaccine and how long it takes bond carbon to seek to depths. And if you have an animal moving up and down, and that's one of the reasons bomb carbon we think has been hard ticks visa for aging for some of these animals. It's hard when you have animals are feeding in shallow and surface shallow layers and then also really deep waters because then they're kind of mixing up all that stuff. So as always, anything movies screws everything up. I also happen to have assigned this cesium and tuna paper and they appraisers class that I'm teaching. And it turns out that the cesium, you can't detect it. It wasn't a big enough signal in tuna. They're migrating across the Pacific. This guy was a short-term thing. It only lasted for a few years before it no longer was was there I guess that's good news. But yeah. Okay. I was advised does it answer the question in chat? Thank Andrew. Got it in there. Any other questions? My last around I've a quick question for Dr. Carl. Go for it. Yeah. This is not about the isotopes, but when you were showing the picture of the cookie cutter shark, it has really short gill slits for its body size compared to other sharks. In this thing has a swim pretty fast to catch tuna. So why would a smoke gill slits? Do you think we'll have some birth swimming? So the idea is that they don't actually really swim much. They camouflage themselves and it's, it's a predatory use of counter elimination is basically what it is. So it's like they basically lower in the big things and they float there. As far as we know, they don't, they are not very good at swimming. And they're full of lipid, like if you cut them open, they actually have free lipids floating around their body cavity instead of like no liver tissues and actually just fat just falls out of it. But when you do a necropsy, it's disgusting. And it's just these globules. It's just crazy but suddenly flipped in a neutrally buoyant. And we think they just sit there and they glow and things and including nuclear submarines and there's nothing too big for them to take on, I guess. But yeah, it's actually but they do have tiny gill slits so they're not very active. Bull is cool. If you look, I don't know. Let me see if I can share my screen really quickly here again. But just because there's a cool, what I think is cool, but I'm also, it's the, they have huge spiracles here. Alright, So you see it'll gills right there, but this is the spherical. This is like an accessory respiratory structure that basically allows them, they can breathe through that as an addition to their gills. And so the idea is that when their mouth is full of animal cooking, is it sucked on. They then use this to draw water over their gills, right? And so that because they can't breathe through their mouth, which is how fish generally do, right? So yeah, so it's not like that they're actually super active in acrobatic or anything like that. They can, they can, and they're very maneuverable, but they don't really do much. They just sit there and wait for things to come by them and then they take a nice little snack, you buy them. I'm just thinking that adaptation will be great for little kids. You shove too much food in their mouth and they can't breathe. It's exactly the same thing. I mean, the plugs they take are perfect, like cookie cutter school, but, you know, and so they were there in the mouth. There's no way but water is going to be moving across their gills. So then there's gotta be another way to cats brains functionally. Well, drag my feet per second. Waiting for one last question. If not, I can think Andrew and Erin. So again, the unsatisfying clap of the online seminar with the virtual class. Thank you. Yeah. Uh-hmm. Thank you both for doing this and reminder that we will have Lorentz neuronal seminars in the future. So if anyone is on the call and is interested, you can contact you in and James, because they're doing the next seminar organizing. All right. So thank you, everyone, please be sure to join next week and forthcoming weeks and hope everyone is doing well. Thanks a lot, everybody.
Wozniak and Carlisle Seminar
From Jennifer Biddle April 26, 2021
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