All right. Good morning everybody. My name is Kurt Zollner. I'm the extension Weed Management Specialist with the University of Maryland. I'd like to introduce my fellow panelists, Dr. Vijay Singh, Extension Weed Specialist with Virginia Tech, Mr. been Beale, agent St. Mary's County in Maryland. Dr. Michael Flexner, my extension Weed Specialist at Virginia Tech and Dr. Mark van gesso, extension weed specialist with the University of Delaware. For certainly glad you all could join us this morning on that. Just a few housekeeping items. We are offering pesticide credits for this course. You have to wait for the end. At the end, we will be giving you a code war to fill in with, with your survey. If you are looking for New Jersey pesticide credits, you just want to remind you that need to have your cameras on. And in order to get credit, you also needed to send the list, say your driver's license. Also, if you are at in New Jersey looking for your new Jersey pesticide license, just raise your hand and give it a list. So waves, so she knows you're here. Warming. And with that, I think we'll just, we'll get started. Let me share my screen here. Another thing before we get started, I want to mention that we do have a PDF booklet that had been sent out earlier on if you didn't, I get that link and Ben, would you please put that link in the chat again so people have access to that? Or I'll do that now. All right, for the first presentation, today's workshop is going to focus a lot on what we call the management of the big three. Or sweet or mares tail, common ragweed and Palmer amaranth. And with the number of herbicide groups, these species are becoming resistant to. It's really important we take careful steps to manage these weeds using multiple tactics and conserve, you know, what herbicides we still have available. So in this presentation, I'm going to briefly go over each species and what weaknesses may be exploited and an integrated weed management program. First, we are going to talk about a source sweet. And this really might consider to be an odd we'd, because it tends to be both the summer and winter annual. We emerging in the fall between August and December and in the spring between March and May. In general, spring, germinating plants really don't produce that same rows, that type pattern that you see at the top with the top picture. And they tend to bolt more quickly. And once these, this course we bolts or that center stock goes up, you're going to be very difficult to control, especially once the soybeans have emerged. And of course, wheat is a species that tolerate drought. So, you know, dry, hot conditions going to promote horse weed growth more so than your crop. And horse we does produce about 200 thousand seeds per plant with those long distance dispersal mechanism feeds a force. We are kind of like dandy lines that you can blow them on the wins. Horse we multiple resistant horse weed has been documented in the region primarily to life estate has had lifesavers isn't Worsley for a while now. And the group to herbicides such as first straighter than ALS inhibiting herbicides. And the group 22 herbicide paraquat. We've had some scenes and documented resistance. The horse we take remote some additional resistance to horse week has been reported to our group five herbicides such as atrazine, sim, Azim, and metric using, again, as I said before, horse we does have that kind of dandy line like seed with a puff ball shaped but that see this also one of the main weaknesses of four Swede. It's short-lived, has very limited dormancy. Most the horse way that lands on the ground, it's going to germinate within the next year or so. And horse weed is not something that's going to germinate deemed from below the soil surface and it won't germinate if buried deeper than 0.2 inches. However, be aware that if the horse we is buried deeper in that soil profile, that seed dormancy will increase with burial depth. Another common problem of our big three is common ragweed. This is an early emerging summer annual weed that tends to be more competitive with early planted corn. This species can tolerate a wide range of environments, environmental conditions, and see its propensity to colonize non crop areas such as roadsides and ditches. But it does tend to grow best in warm, moist areas. It produces about 62000, same for plant. And just be aware that plants, common rightly, plants that are going to emerge early and flower later aren't going to tend to produce more seeds. So you really want to get control of common ragweed early in that growing season. Multiple resistance has also been documented for this species in the region. To glide the sake. Again, the group to herbicides, as well as some of the group 14 herbicides such as reflex valid. This is especially concerning with our soybean systems because we really rely on putting at least one group 14 herbicide, either pre-emergence or post emergence for control of the species. Elsewhere we have resistance reported to again to group 5 herbicide such as atrazine SIM is a metric using and nothing about cotton rag weed. Many herbicides, especially the group 15 herbicides, are really just not effective against this weed. At again, common ragweed weakness. Main weakness is the C. Rag weed seeds require both sunlight to grow or to emerge and establish. And plants aren't going to emerge from deeper than two inches tall or two inches deep, so they're not going to tolerate deep burial. Comrade, we also doesn't have multiple determination periods like Palmer amaranth, what shall discuss in a second and a prolonged germination period are multiple germination periods like Core Suite or prolonged germination period like Palmer, amaranth. And so common, right? We generally the seeds that drop on the soil surface will lose 50 percent of their viability and less than a year. So either they're going to germinate or they're not going to germinate. However, again, seeds buried deeper in that soil profile and that seed bank can remain viable up to 30 years so and no chill situation. A lot of your cotton rag weed seeds either going to germinate or not germinate, be subject to seed predation. But if you were to bury that say, you could actually extend that dormancy period. Palmer amaranth. This is actually a summer annual way that is endemic to the Sonoran Desert. Palmer amaranth, to tolerates heat and drought very well. And we'll do utilize water normally available to crop plants. Studies have actually shown that Palmer amaranth can remove more than twice the water per day from cotton. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis is a 108 degrees Fahrenheit. So think about this. When it's really hot, gain above 85, 90 degrees, corn leaves are starting to curl lot for soy beans aren't doing well. Palmer amaranth is just starting to take off in actually getting better. Palmer amaranth has a very rapid growth rate of about two to three inches per day. And this makes it especially difficult when you're planning a post emergence herbicide program because we recommend applying know those herbicides and weeds are less than three inches tall, maybe three to four inches tall, but with two to three inches per day of growth. Now you don't really have a lot of options between actually finding that we and getting your spray out into the field. Just not a whole lot of time there. Palmer Amaranth does have some of the most prolific seed productions of hey, if the weeds many of us had ever looked at, looking at two hundred and fifty thousand, two hundred thousand seeds per plant. It spread easily by several means, irrigation, water, wind, wildlife, equipment and feed. And it does tend to have a season long germination period. So simply controlling this way with its first flush at planting, or maybe a few weeks after planting, isn't enough to completely prevent this wage from infesting the broth throughout the entire season. It's adapted to low till and no-till systems primarily on various tiny seeds that emerged from within that first inch of soil. Palmer amaranth does have widespread resistance. Norwegian glyphosate resistant primarily, I can't recall. Any Palmer amaranth. And in the region that is not black on-state resistance, I think we've had Palmer amaranth in Maryland for about 10 to 15 years now and it's odd like insect resistance. Also resistant to our group to ALS and him getting herbicides. And additional distance has been reported elsewhere to at least nine different sites of action. And among those sites of actions are going to be R group for herbicides such as 24 D dicamba, group 10 herbicide liberty, group 14 herbicides and our group 27 herbicides and all of these four sites of action nerves, what we primarily rely on for post emergence control of Palmer amaranth. Once again, I like course wheat and cotton rag weed. A major weakness of Palmer amaranth is that small speed. Since the seeds germinate within that first inch of soil, they're not going to tolerate deep burial and they're not going to persist for very long. They are also susceptible to many residual herbicides. It's attacked, it's that are going to prevent light from reaching those seeds are going to be really helpful. It's not, the species is not shade tolerant and it's a lot easier to control and form. One of the reasons is because corn is planted earlier. The weather is cooler and Palmer amaranth, both just hasn't taken off yet. Corn also has a lot more herbicide options and better herbicide options than in soybean. The last species I want to mention isn't one of the big three, but it is, has been more of a problem in recent years. A tiny regressed is a winter annual way that it's kinda like a horse weight has both fall and spring emergence periods is staggered but continuous emergence pattern at will actually continue until shaded out by crop canopies such as something from wheat or corn or flooding. Ryegrass tends to refer poorly drained, acidic soils and produces about 300 seeds per plant. Nice number of seeds that significantly less than r for it swayed or our Palmer amaranth plants. However, this species can hybridize with other grass species and is often planted as annual ryegrass. So if you're using annual ryegrass as a cover crop, I do recommend that you make sure that you are actually planning certified seeds. You're not contaminating the fields. Herbicide or distant tiny rye grass has been documented in the region to our group 1 herbicides such as the claim hold on. No older chemistries on Margaret to herbicides or ALS products such as spray and power flex. We also had some suspected a tiny ryegrass that may be resistant to a glide percent, which is especially concerned for our burndown programs. Additional resistance reported elsewhere in the country on ryegrass has been important, documented as being resistant to liberty. Premack zone. Once again, the weaknesses, the C, usually plants die after seeing set and we'll establish a sizable seed bank. Ryegrass does have a short doormen dormancy period, which pretty much just ensures that all of those seeds are going to germinate again in the fall. And as I mentioned earlier as species, something, another one that really doesn't tolerate shade. So quickly establishing that crop canopy or finding some way to prevent light from reaching that soil surface. That's going to go a long way to managing this. So again, as we go through today's workshop, I keep in mind how plant biology and ecology can be integrated into a weed management program. One more useful source for learning more about this is a new book called managing weeds on your farm. This is actually available as a free download from say, or from the CR website. And see the link on your screen. Just go to this website. You'll be able to get that free download. You can also order a hard copy of this book from that website. And with that, I'll stop sharing my screen. And we'll get started. I'll go with our next presenter, who is Dr. Vijay Singh and, and Mr. Ben beyond, they were taught they will be talking about best herbicide practices for the 2022 growing season. Hi, good morning. So I actually already went to the moon major, which species are the problems we had in our attention? And I will that sound basis about the herbicide uses, usage in this region. What herbicides we can use, especially in current scenario when we see some shortages on and some unpredictable supplies of some herbicides. We will go to bind our options and pre or residual options. We have positive margins options, which we can use on what herbicides are. Alternate programs we have for our crop management, like for determination and in-depth bank can also go through more detail about the blue technologies and to provide some more detail about the restrictions on that and how you can make your program more effective. So even with the starting of the basics of the solid herbicide program, we always recommend start clean. And that's a major factor whenever we talk about the effectiveness of any herbicide program use at mounting the residual program. Definitely. We never recommend. You just go with the one posting my application, which sometimes it happens like for example, you skip the pre-emergence herbicide applications. And even after we have seen Roundup Ready technologies are deliberately technologies. Growers usually referred to go with the postal applications. And they see initially they see that they are providing very good controlled by the time you will see. They are not the only had besides, which will take care of the broad spectrum of those weed species. Always combine your herbicide program with the pre-emergence means the residue program. And along with the post emergence herbicide, so we didn't even include a burners. So later post residues, even with the post images applications, use the residual herbicides. In their techniques are, there are several pivots is available these days which come with the burners plus residual herbicides combined. Timely application of your herbicides is the second most important factor in managing weeds. Especially style, for example, or some of the major weed species like a cut indicated one of the back is the Palmer amaranth and the other big which, if you skip managing them, are applying herbicide at the right stage, for example, three to four inches in the next few days that would go to eight or ten inches or 12 inches, then it will be very hard to control those weeks. So even though you are using the most effective herbicide program, you will not be able to control them just because you are not applying a direct stitch. So another factor which you need to consider while we frame our herbicide program is species like what species you have in your field. You have a majority of them are born, these are grasses or the combination of that. And because that would help us in framing our Heaviside program like what herbicide which we should use or maybe if there is no premix available, we may have to mix few herbicide combinations together. The rapes also depend on the size of the Medes and then species you have in there. Our species cycle are based on the PCC you have. They can read your mind whether it's the annual, biannual or apparently needs and their strategy may differ. Majority of the biennial and perineal would demand for or require the integrated weed management operations. So just a herbicide program for the season. Control may not work. So we need to scout our field to get those information. And that's why it's that important. Especially if you're fields are very keen and you are satisfied with the control, tactics. Should be very careful about the scouting because the, it will not take several years to develop that kind of population, which would be very difficult to control in the field. If you skip a few weeds in one season or two seasons in the purchases and you would see like, there are plenty of those plans are like one Palmer amaranth can produce 0.5 million seeds. And same thing for the other weeds in this sum does, is it will produce so many. So we have to indicate several of the herbicide combinations together. And then knowing your soil would also help. Because knowing your soil type. Year or testing your soil would help us to come up with the right rate for a year. Now herbicide program and why, why it is important. It is not just about killing the weeds, are controlling the weeds. It is also about the crop safety. So if you have your soy or if you have a lighter soil, because that would actually impact on injury on your crop. So we have to reduce those rates of homicide based on if girls are silenced, light Aurora sandy conditions are if you have a clay soils that definitely the rates will be implementing the effective herbicide programs like that. Just to summarize the startling use my people effective herbicides groups had clamping and post applications, combine them together and then target the smaller means, like at the initial stage of the early stage when plants had just emerged are actively growing. Always managed to escape plans. As I indicated, if there are only few plants which which you were not able to control, be careful that they may give rise to lot of plant parcels of plants next year. So sometimes for Palmer Edmund kind of meat. If you have just few blanks left in the fee, we always recommend even if you have to handle these to it. Otherwise it wouldn't be a big problem next year. So now the current situation, what we have and the burndown options with respect to the shortage supplies than this picture is nice actually here indicating the grocery stores and how shelves are empty without groceries. So same thing is actually applicable to the herbicides and the scenario that you may face in the next few months. And some of those actually the reason behind that is because of the COVID, naturally that's a biggest factor. And it actually hinder the supply chain. And somehow besides coming in active ingredient and then taking time in formulating them here. So there are several factors. Shortage of packaging materials, weather conditions, there are several factors which are accumulating now. And the end result is that we may see shortage of the glyphosate or round up. Unlike product means Roundup. And they're in some clinics is where the higher-order mixed. I'm thinking for the Griffith later we call it liberty and the similar products. We may also see some moderate shortage of the product like adequate dark and two, for the atrazine, birthweight normally we use for burndown herbicide applications. And equity is actually looked upon as an alternative to life per se. If you don't have a glide plus eight, you would like to actually kill your foliage, whatever you have in your field with adequate it couldn't provide a good control. But yeah, we may see some shortage for the adequate as well. And these are the herbicide in front of you. Pow, pow is a very common promised you is very common pre-emergence herbicide. And we may see some shortage for that too. So we need to be very careful this season and maybe the next season two. So now we have to think about ahead and also thinking about what supplies we already have. And we have seen some growers who used to how, what our supply they used to have at this time, they are having only 70 percent or just a t percent of that. So some they already ordered conducted dealers, but they haven't received it. So it's just like Institution is not very clear whether they would get to before starting the season or not. So we have seen that we need to start clean, but how do we start? Especially in novel situations than our most effective product, life as a is not available. So I just indicated that in short page of glyphosate and other products, what are the products we have and how already decayed. So whatever you are painting about, okay, these are our other products, but we may see shorted and just because of that reason, because all would go to those alternate products because of the shortage of glipizide and that would actually impact the supplies of those products as well. So secure your supplies. If you can, and check and place orders based on the herbicide programs you use. And we will go through how we can prioritize and what Beside an alternate combinations which we can use. So like treating weeds when small and easily controlled with the standard age. Sometimes we may have to increase the rates based on the size of the reads that slide since we have a shorted this year. So we would try to be very careful about the size so that we would get effective and drawn in just one application or with little bit of a reduced rate if we are mixing with some other. Besides, like for example, don't use lifo sit alone, can't mix with 24 the DICOM or sharpen to increase the efficacy. So that's very important. So that may mean not to rely just on the glyphosate. And especially if there are glyphosate resistant weeds, then we may not be able to control with that like sitting on. So prioritize the use of glycosylated for the soybeans. We will go through the programs, herbicide programs available for corn and soybean. But we have some room. Chemistry is for corn system where we have good pre-emergence and post emergence applications that API mixes and techniques combinations which we can use for excellent control for soybean is tricky, so we may reserve our black proceed forward. And soybean, if you are going both of those crops. Now, I already indicated about the populations, about the rates that it depends what product we are using and also what the stage of the weed species we are trying to target. Similar similar information is required for the water quality, like hydro water reduces the glycosides effectiveness. If the water is not paying, it has lot of soil particulates are segments in that. And let you, I'm mixing it. So actually those sediments, they would come back to those solution or those soil particles they may combine with the herbicides. So that will reduce the effectiveness of those have besides your plant species, that species having AMS is very important. Some products that would come with those adjuvants and I'm back in some you may have to additionally add, so you have to go through the label of those products which they are recommending. Normally 1.5 to three pounds per acre of dry formulation of MS is required. So at least you should maintain that in your mixture so that you can have an effective control. Native products make and paying lower amounts of MS and may not be as effective. So you have to look for not just with the glyphosate concentration, but also the EMS in that or the other adjuvants. Spray coverage target three to four inches of meats, tend to 15 gallons per acre for small weeds and 15 to 20 gallons per acre for the large sheets. So mostly we actually focus on just the hard besides grades. And our attention is towards back. We generally miss this important factor here about the total solution or about the how much water VIV. So water itself is not like a injurious to crop lands on which species, but it will hide in providing a better coverage, better distribution of those herbicide, especially in case of the bigger, larger breeds sizes when you are Spain because they are overlapping each other. And if you have lower volume, so that means you may not be high enough droplets to hit or to spend on each and every leaf or the, sorry, the weeds, we have a weed plants we have. So always consider in breathing the total solution, psi solution volume on the water volume for the larger beats using medium to coarse droplet and also depending on the herbicides, also if you bought actually the label, you will see there are recommendations for the nozzle types, for the different herbicides recommending recommendations. And those are very actually particular about the backend B24 began his genes if you've seen so that there would be that you make sure that you are using drift reduction. Muscle gets now for alignment or whitespace in the weeds. Our stress. And also like in a drought condition like high, low temperature conditions lay low humidity for glyphosate, Hakim and exit array fast reinvest requirements. So just check your weather conditions whenever you start applying glyphosate. And for larger, which may require a little more time. Time of the day. Midday applications are better when plants are not stress because of the light sensitivity. Here I would like to indicate about the Liberty also. So we Hudson in our experiments using liberty as especially for burndown application for managing or terminating the cover crop species like a mustard, some rapeseed. We have seen it's highly sensitive to the temperature conditions. So especially after mid-April like me, it works very well, especially if you are using for soybeans systems are consistent that banks, okay, but for the band down applications or the termination of a coworker, then it will be a tricky situation if the temperatures are lower than 22 degrees and degraded by the disambiguate. Glyphosate and glue fascinate permits. And so instead of relying on just the glyphosate and Roundup, you are getting the market there are. Think about what other herbicides appendix is. They have the glyphosate with them like Ekron. Ekron is actually a premix of P4 herbicides and acro and gt is actually includes that glyphosate as well. Same thing for the police to GT Enlist Duo where you have the 24 began life as a combinations, then flexed or pB over besides. And then the helix you have with a time glyphosate and estimator Locke Rousseau. Similarly, you have several of these herbicide remixes which come with this glyphosate engaging in them. And we can make best use of remixes of chemistry is now wherever we need glyco say to control especially the glasses because glyphosate is a very good glass herbicide. So where we have a challenge of controlling the basses. So we may see which of these are beside permits. Have the glyphosate in then? Same thing for the glucose in it. Permits is like cheetah made signage. They have these blackface aid active ingredient in them. Now option to using alternate chemistry. So what alternate chemistries which we can use like fatally. So what did you rely on? Every slide and whenever we will discuss about any herbicide, make sure that you will get our message, cheat. That's the most important message. And we keep on repeating and saying that because so that you won't miss that button message here. That's a very important factor. And try to use the production combination with that yeast to effective modes of action. So never go with just one herbicide or alone. And use aloud rate for new conditions and proper joints which you are using. Now, these are the alternate chemistries which you can use for burndown applications. Grandma exon 2 for b and macro in this combination is common here in our region, delaware, Maryland, Virginia. And so you can use for by now an application there are sharpen is another in combination with the glyphosate or the reduced rate of glyphosate. And two for me, you can use that too. But then you have to see your plant back by MPEG-4. You're cropping systems, whatever you are using, especially in case of a Sharpie has a longer residual. Here. Also need to take care that these potential combination for by non applications. If you see the first one, yes, you have the drum axon, which can take care of your glasses, but attributes into 40, these are actually the broad leaf are besides like would provide the best control of for the broadleaf but may not work very well with the grasses. So it would be hard to think about our strategy and crops or the weeds we are trying to control like the cover crops, if we are terminating on the bundle an application for controlling the weed species before clamping of our main dashboard. Now this option here, the last option like 24, the mattress inflected in. Now we discussed about these broadly combinations of the herbicide which can provide a good control of our lives. Now click again, select MAX that can actually provide them very good. Blass controlled by. Mainly for beans because if you go with the full rate of black sedan back is not actually recommended for him on so for corn I, there is a reduced rate. So go to the label and check for those reduced rate for the coin system. But definitely it's a very good grass herbicide. And with this combination, especially for the beans, soybean, it would provide a very good control of the heavy side weeds for a band on stage. Now for the corn and soybeans, you may consider, like for both of those props, we may consider gametes on to 40 Dicamba attributes in Slack, max and sharpened. So these are the herbicide combinations, but this check for the time period you need to consider after application and then planted. Like for example, 2 for B, there is a recommendation for at least 15 days or two weeks about for corn. And the same thing I think for my attributes in Hamlet about Cauchy gaze for con, system, but for serving, yeah, that works very well. Same thing I have already indicated about the Slack next, but these are the, some of the concentration you can consider as an alternate chemistry if you don't have glyphosate. Same thing for the corn, which we can consider. The atrazine occur on Callisto czar. So these are the herbicides which we can use for the system. This atrazine occur on, so they have a good residual period also. So along with the actually a bike down application, they will provide alone residue control of your reach. So they will not allow them to be mature. And Germany now, they will mail out the generation may not allow the emergence and when they would come out of the soil. Now for the signing, consider adding the combination of classic, Slack, max Dicamba 240. Now classic is very good. The herbicide, very common herbicide. People use it, especially for the sickle boards and some of the broadleaf weeds is a very nice herbicide to control. However, it has some limitations since it belongs to ALS inhibitors. So if you have weeds resistant to ALS inhibitors, then you classic may not provide effective control of that. And that's why we, we actually indicate two techniques, aid or use a premix which would show, or which would come up with the two or three of those herbicides together so that you would get a clean start before you would go. That mean season of your product. So for example, this picture is indicating that we have already split our herbicide for the bite down application. And this is the second time. So after the Bandar application, and this is the second time again, we have to pay a high besides that, you can see it's not always like one herbicide or what application would work. We would like to show you some of the herbicide combination which we just indicated how effective those are and how they can control. Most of this is Palmer amaranth pen. You can see a horse, we don't call it in-between like few blanks. And then we are coming with herbicide program there we are staying with the dam axon and attributes in here on the top portion and here we are spraying the, just the climax on and here on the bottom, we actually sprayed with glyphosate alone. And you can see the glycosidic alone potentially. These are the like the glyphosate resistant big weeks and that's why we didn't see any control here. But these provided excellent control. But just don't go with the dram axon here. And the reason being is since mostly the weeds here we're pigweed slave, department MAN. But if there are populations of glass beads, then Graham axon, what happens? It binds it down. But after some time, you may see some green issues coming or re-emerging from those grasses. So that's the kind of weakness for gram exon, but normally it bonds everything once. And then if you have some residue herbicide mix, we dive that will provide a very good control MapReduce indefinitely since we had a lot of pigweed send the broadleaf weeds here so it will provide a good residue control also here. Now, for the cover crops, like how we would control it and in which situation we should control it and sometimes what kind of a cover crop we have used or planted. It also depends on that. So for example, cover crop lags if you are not terminating the bin, may compete with the plan if you have not effective at controlling them by major. The purpose of using color prop is so that they can suppress them. Each species in our main cash crop like corn and soybean. And so like we just don't rely on the herbicide programs and using big data approach. For example here, hairy vetch and cereal rye, so heavy wedge actually decompose our disintegrated earlier. And here we see the cedar, right? It takes time to decompose and it would provide us awake or mac, of residue or your field so it provide some better control of weeds. With the hairy vetch. There are several scenarios, I think Mark when gas, so we'll go through the integrated weed management approaches and he would pitch bass more about in which scenario we should use, which cover crop and how they can be more effective in the situation we are in. Especially these are very effective in controlling common chick weed, common ragweed, Panama remnant, that kind of a carpet of raspberry color we have. So now early termination. How we can use all our herbicide programs to terminate them. We can use prime exon attributes that can provide so control. And, or we can use the reduced rate of glyphosate or sharpen. They can on high-pass to terminate in March. As I indicated, liberty may not be a good option in March. They've been only thing about that after mid-April are in May. So early termination will not help much with the common graduate, Palmer amaranth, and annual broadleaf. As I just indicated, we need to have a good biomass actually to control or suppress this weed species. If we are limiting ugly, then we are not actually allowing it to produce biomass. Some of the other situations where we can make use of a plant in green, where we are actually using Laura camper to roll them down and making it as like a heartbreak or residue and then blending in-between them. One thing which we based on our previous experiences in the last year and for that termination of this cover crop is very important. So even though if we are rolling it, we actually compare rolling what she is not rolling. It is not just a volume versus volume, but it's a combination of herbicide application and rolling. And when you are rolling the sequence of volume. For example, if you are rolling fast and then apply a herbicide to terminate it, compared it with the that you apply the herbicide fast and Bengali. So there are two scenarios. So what we have found that it will provide better control of termination on these cover crops if you roll first. And the reason for that is since you are rolling it and then it would expose the majority of those green portion of those stems and those plant foliage to eat, you are herbicides. And so it would be a better distribution, especially when you have such a big biomass, our foliage which are overlapping with each other. So it would very hard to control them if we are staying just over the top. So rolling them hype or S is in controlling our terminating of those cover crops better. The importance of the residue of Vauban. So we discussed about the termination on the burndown applications. Now we are discussing about the residue program, like the pre-emergence herbicide programs for your main cached on the coin or Simon. Strong residual herbicide will provide tweets, germinating and going during the growing season. Guess. And then the goal of those post emergence herbicide is so the Act V. Then, when you get applying post emergence herbicide. So we would get enough time to fame or herbicide programs based on the species. And before that, our residual besides will provide us a good amount of time in suppressing those weeds and not allowing too much. And especially during the early crop stage when we see critical time period for the mean competition. If we want to be able to control during that time like up to 30 days or 25 days of that blinding time after planting of your prop. So that's a critical time period up to that time. So that's why we need to have a residual herbicides so that it will provide edge to outcrop and when it will be highly and growing, but then it will be better in competing with the bones meets. Well, this is an example of how and why residual herbicide programs are important and how they can help. For example, the field. On the top, you will see we apply valor and providing excellent control of those Palmer amaranth. Whereas lower case you can see there were no herbicide residue. So it didn't provide a good control of primer eminent. And that's, that's a clear difference. And you will see that in many other cases also. So for the residue control, residue or herbicides will provide a longer control, longer period of control. Same thing here. This picture, 17 days after planting and you would see the residue program here on this side is providing, or even the top here, providing them better control compared with this block here. And a portion of the plot where we didn't have any recipe or herbicide. Same thing, same control plot 24 days after planting. And you will see that how these weeds are looking. And, but this is the point. Now, we need to come up with the post emergence herbicide. But in this condition, if we are coming with the post emergence herbicide, that may not even provide a good control of Partner Admin. So that means that's why the residue of herbicide programs are very important so that they can keep on pressing those weeds and our weeds will not exceed the recommended stage. That's again have the terrifying base of the plant in same blog and you can see how the back-end go. And even from your expertise, you can easily say whether they would be able to control the sweets or not, which is not possible at this stage. Now. So going with the pre and other herbicides. So what are the options we have? Like for example, let's go with the system for accuracy. Like we have atrazine grew five herbicide for ECUA and we have 52715. So this is the combination of several of those herbicides. So atrazine definitely in con system, it helps in controlling the weeds better. And but it's not just the addressing alone. You would go with that reason alone. You may actually next week the other herbicides. And we have seen like for example, garments on atrazine effective for the image for Sweden, ragweed and Palmer, amaranth. When we do buy down applications and for the residual control, we go with this group 5 and 15, and that providers have very good control. Actually asked me to look Lord, you know that pesticide herbicides, right. Subgroup with being always tried to combine with other herbicides that tries and habits Iceland bicep. It's also a kind of a premix having both of those combination. A combination. Then we have the Mac select star combination of three, group of herbicides, Group 27 or 244, additional control of my screen. So we recommend that if you have weeds emerged at that point, so always go for additional herbicide combination so that he would not only would get an effective control, but also the broad spectrum control. And there are several herbicides obligation for the pre and post, like Akron. Akron definitely provides a very good control and we have tested it out, but we may need to make sure check whether acronyms available in the season also because I think they are they are terminating this Akron formulation and coming up with the actual and gt now and gt is actually just for the post applicant application, post recommendations. So it has an glyphosate in it. So, but there are several formulations of macaron, how an anchor on flexi also there, which provides I've gotten excellent control of pivots. So and addition of atrazine definitely enhance. So there are other products like our max or why they are at attracts which you can combine together to provide a very good control of the weed species in the fields you hack few products because in cases, if you are not getting a good control with actress in products, then there are several products which may contain addressing and may or may not have atrazine. So for example, the address and we have a combination of your legs, legs are high, necks extra accrue on without addressing the hard combination of high. Next, next, hallux GT. Why? Because these are without patronizing. So you may choose, but these are the plastic products and provide a very good Thanks Jordan Cohen system. Then for deciding for pea plant we can use the exon magazine is effective for the much force needs ragweed amendment in some. We'll gases. And especially we would recommend the incubated with management approaches. For example, using a cover crop, especially for the controlling the horse meat, which I think Mark ON guess I would call it more in detail, that fortunately it can be controlled with a little bit of soil, soil over the dot on the residue of the cover crop. So for pre-emergence application for soybean, we would go with the go 145 and 15 combinations are like a 40, it's a group 14 herbicide. And dual products belongs to 15 herbicides and the mattress using row 505, same. So with the combination of that will provide very good control and kind of odd broad spectrum time thought since we haven't dwelled with us and that combination, there are other options for controlling common ragweed. The conventional herbicide combinations are black, for example, Oryx Group 7 herbicide command, testing and attributes. So we can use these conventional herbicides and can control common aggregate. These are effective on group 14, resistant common language. If you are seeing those in journal. Grew, 14 resistant species have been reported in neighboring states like North Carolina, but we haven't seen in watching a yak and we are looking for it. And I think that's similar cases for the bilabial and relax. So not many cases, so I think those are still good option. But just in case if you see some kind of reduce or effectiveness, then you may use this herbicide combinations too. Now indicating about the control and how long we can see the control of like for example, Palmer amaranth control. We are seen here. This wherever you are seeing the blue bars, those are ten days after treatment of the herbicides. And the orange one here indicates 17 days, grade 24 Days, and the yellow ones are 31 days. So let's go with that copy one day. So at least we can see that which herbicide combinations. So the herbicides provide us the longer control of Palmer amaranth and how we can reduce those populations. So for example, here if we are comparing and these are the, this is the control here. Zoe, without any herbicide applications. So those were like 66 plants per square meter of Mohammed. And now MapReduce and broad, considerably reduced state, but still a large 15 nor Sam being blank cell per square meter. Now, the most effective control, we see the herbicides on the right side, the manner at party and products fairs. So these are the combination of the herbicides. Let me see. Better control. Like to or less than two blanks bar major scale. Now, comparing with the different herbicide combinations, definitely here, like with this lab besides when we discussed about prowl and match abusing, these were like alone, herbicide like metric isn't alone, alone. But the message which you can get from this slide are these results is like when we are mixing these herbicides are using appendix, using a pen mixes like here, crawl, metric disease. So we mix and plus dual. So what we are seeing, we are seeing better control compared with the using them alone. And same thing you are seeing here where we have valid, that is the relapses in and providing like a control up to two plants per square meter. But if we discuss about the fears that actually a combination of the masses antibiotics it's upon. And so that's a combination. So means we are adding one more herbicide to valor. And what's the end result? Instead of getting two plants per meter scale, we are getting just one black one which is 0. So we are reducing that by 50 percent. It just by adding one more herbicide program and thinking when we have our plus dual magnum, so see the best control we are getting based on this herbicide combinations. So adding more herbicide combinations are using API mixes with the more active ingredients. I would definitely provide better control. And broad spectrum control means controlling more than one weed species. Similar thing we have observed here. We are. The plant height of those Palmer amaranth and different time periods. So 21 days after treatment, that's the ones which we are indicating with the yellow. And you can clearly see how that looks. So these are the poster application control with the soybean and the options we have. There are so for example, soybean herbicide combinations. No, no doubt we have like ashore for controlling the grass had besides we have mass or grain and cobra. So these are good herbicides, but only this conventional herbicides systems we have the trait or the herbicide resistant technologies available, which we can make use of, reflects very good herbicide, PPO herbicide that provides a very good control of pig weeds and the other broadleaf weeds. But we need to make sure that those weeds are less than four inches tall so that we can get a very good control. Now we can make use of extend technologies like Dicamba, resisting technologies and lists which are 240. And then conventional herbicides. For example, cobra reflects a trailblazer. And these are effective on, right, We basically for that deployment. For the glasses, I already indicated, assured her gods, these are the very good control and post and select max. So these are the other herbicides which we can use and provide or applied to put three days before or seven days after the broadleaf herbicide. So why we say because when you apply them together, the maze show some kind of antagonism. So if you apply them separately that we're providing them better control. If you are controlling them on mixing for trying to paint, that you would mix it with 24 beta Kanban. Another herbicides include a combination or the group of 1515 herbicide for added. That's the dual control, goofy things like that world products. So that will provide a very good residue control. I already indicated in the figure slide. Now these are the herbicide combinations of the herbicides available for the corn system. Now, applications for these herbicides for the corn is less than 12 inches and we'd sign four inches. So this is the consideration for effective control and excellent control. And the side-by-side combinations. Use 2007 group herbicides and all the file group for this, I'm just tracing indicated in the previous slides how adding atrazine would help in controlling an alcohol. Again, providing a very good control. Now since I think we have equivalent GP as the post emergence herbicide application, so that can be used. I would provide excellent control, not for the image reads, but also wouldn't provide a lower residue control. Add to 40 or jackhammer formulation for the broadleaf weeds if needed and don't exceed. So there are few consideration, for example, for nitrogen don't exceed two pounds. So factorising in single application or to buy five pounds per year. Same thing for the MSAA trying to find four pounds of massive trend per year, so don't exceed these herbicides. Those is 3.74 as metallic lot per year. Whatever. To summarize, there are several articles also from our group, from Delaware and Maryland and Virginia and republished an extension articles. And then there is this one good article written by scientists from Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania. So this is available, so I think we may provide you in the handout also. So if you go through that article in both of these articles, which I indicated, they would provide a step wise. And also the merits and demerits of using these herbicides. Herbicides exactly cable on what species. So you can frame your herbicide programs based on that. Redact. There are several other things like new options for herbicide programs like that. I didn't go to more in detail about those new technology just because the band would be speaking on that. And we'll provide more detail about the restriction conditions where things which we need to consider why implementing and using these technologies vector, along with our habits hypoblast, which I indicated, and this herbicide resistant technologies, I think you can get very good control, even the absence of the glyphosate or glucose in it or shortage of inside the sides if you don't have I don't know how much time you have, but yeah, you can go with that and let me. John, already. Thank you, Vijay. Can you hear me okay. Great. So I'm just going to have you forward through the slides here just to save a little bit of time. We didn't want to talk briefly about what we titled new options for new problems. Maybe some people would would title it new new problems for new options. I'm not sure. But we do have a lot a lot of new technology that has come out in the last 10 to 15 years in terms of trait platforms and what we can, we can do and they, they certainly offer us a lot more flexibility, particularly for some of these herbicide resistant, glyphosate resistant weeds. So I'm going to briefly talk about these. It's just, just to recap what some of these traits are. So we have the extend technology, which is the Die campaign club, that glyphosate tolerant package. Then last year in a big way, extend flex came out and extend flex adds liberty into that package. So DICOM with life estate in Liberty. You cannot use liberty and dicamba together in that package, but you could use them separately or with, with either one with glyphosate. In our area. Liberty Link, G27 was very popular, that came out about eight years ago or so. And that is a package that allows you to use fascinate and glyphosate together or separately. That's different than the standard Liberty Link package. And a lot of folks had really good success with that for ragweed control. When that first came out for common ragweed, resistant ragweed. And then finally, we have our enlist package, Orientalist E3 beans. So that's the 2 4 D package and that's, that's going to be 24 deep life-saving would fascinate tolerant beans. So let's go through some of these quickly. And VJ next slide, please. And we'll talk about what some of the merits of each. So we're going to talk mainly about the Enlist E3 system and the extend flex system. Again, the extend flex as the Dicamba based system and also adds and good fascinate. And enlist is the 2 4 D choline based system that also adds and would fascinate next. And so I'm not going to spend a great deal of time going over all of the different regulations and restrictions for the use of these products. Just be aware that are there are differences. A couple of the big differences here between the 2, 4 D or the Enlist system and the extend system is that cutoff date now, so we have width extend, you have a June 30th cutoff date. And so that pretty much eliminates that products utility in terms of that Canva for double crop beans. For full season beans, you, you can still get at least one application on typically before that, before we reach that that June 30th date, all of the systems do have the R1 cutoff though. So you can't apply this after R1. There's some other restrictions as well. Next slide Vijay. Some of those restrictions with with the extend system is you do have to be certified, you have to attend to in your training. There are some pretty extensive buffer requirements. They're both systems have recordkeeping requirements. There were some changes to the labels this last fall and width, I will mentioned with the Enlist system, there's a new requirement that you have to using a point system, you have to be able to verify that you're not going to have issues with runoff. And so that's a system based upon soil texture and anticipated rainfall. What type of cropping system, whether it's no Taylor conventional. So it's a formula you put all that you put in to come up with a point system to, to use that product. So just be aware of that. Read the label and look at what those different requirements are. I did want to all these systems use glue fascinate. We talked about Vijay talked about glyphosate already. But, but we want to mention that there are with, with liberty or fascinate. There's some requirement you have to meet if you didn't make the product work in. The base. Basic premise here is the sunny or the hotter it is, the better it's going to work. So we want to spray this product during bright sunshine. Hotter the better. Ideally between ten AM and two PM. And we want to get good coverage. Should think of this as a contact products similar to a product like paraquat, 20 gallons of water would be preferred at least 15. And make sure you're using a medium to coarse droplet nozzles. We also need to have ammonium sulfate in with blue fascinate to get the best performance. So if you spray this, you know, after dark or dusk or dawn, you're just not going to get very good control. So just realize that with glue fascinate right next. So we've done some work and you can go ahead and flip through these here, Vijay, we've done some work here in Southern Maryland that I'm an extension agent here in and lower Southern Maryland, St. Mary's counting we've been working with, with Palmer amaranth and common purpose non-resistant common ragweed now for five or six years. So the last couple of years we've been looking at different combinations of these post emergent herbicides. And to see how they perform side-by-side. And also see how they perform and take mixes. We're also looking at what effect they have on annual grass weeds and then any antagonism that we might see. So I'm going to run through this really quickly. I Vijay next. So this is just some results from last year that we see. So we took basically we had extend the extend flex platform, the Enlist E3 platform, and we had those Planet side-by-side in the field. And then we put all the combinations of, of herbicides that you, that you could use out in the field and interrupted four times and then evaluate it. But there's results are, and so this is just a overview of how those products did. So what we see, basically, most all products perform very well for us. They extend the max either by itself or with glyphosate, perform very well. But also are in List 1 plus liberty plus round up perform very well. And our select max plus extend the maxim perform very well. We saw obviously select MAX didn't do anything for Palmer amaranth control. We wouldn't expect it to and our roundup didn't. But surprisingly, about 10 percent control with glyphosate or round up, which normally we don't see. We're surprised they didn't actually picked up 10 percent of the Palmer. But, but anyway, it's not acceptable control. So this is looking at some actual examples here. So here we have control plots. So this didn't receive anything. And you can see that the Palmer amaranth coming up through that next Vijay. And we'll see another one, another slide here. Here there's control plants towards the end of the summer. So this field had very high Palmer amaranth pressure. But you can also see if you look at the plot surrounding the control plots, how well that worked. Here, select max, again, 0% control. What we would expect since it's the grass product next. And here's round up same thing, only about 10 percent control. Next BJ. Alright, so here are the products that perform well. And so we skipped one. Here is in list 1 plus liberty plus round up. And you can see really, really good control three weeks and eight weeks after application. So very clean plots. And again, that's so that does include round up. So this is one that does include ground up. All right, next, here is Enlist One plus liberty select. So this is a non round up option. And you can see there 99% control after three weeks, we did see some breakthrough after eight weeks. And again, this is just one application. Are typical recommendation is if you're in the real-world, you where you would really want to do sequential application. So you wouldn't want to rely on just one post application. You would do sequential applications to pick everything up. But so this, this combination work well. Next, this is Liberty plus enlist one another, non round up. A combination. We're working very, very well for us. You can see almost a 100 percent control after three weeks. And the thing with Palmer, you can expect breakthrough Palmer if you haven't reached canopy, Palmer germinates all summer long, so it's going to start coming up towards the end of April and it's going to continue to germinate all the way through September. And that's why using those delayed residuals and a good residual program upfront and then an effective post is so important. Next, Here's our roundup plus liberty program. Again, very good control. You can see in the middle of the slide there one or two Palmer amaranth heads sticking up. And then after eight weeks we had about 93% control. Next. This is Liberty select. So this one, we did see a little bit of a drop in control. They're 96% after three weeks and then about 80, around 80 percent after eight weeks. Next VJs. Here's our extend the max plus drift. God, we got had very good performance out of the extend products and 95 percent after three weeks, a 100 percent control after eight weeks in. You can see how clean those plants are. Here. Select MAX with the extend the max. Again, this is a non round up. Program. So, and you'll notice that we actually saw an increase in control as we went further with the extend products. I'm not sure why that why that is if there is some residual activity from the Dicamba that, that eliminated some loose later germinating Palmer plants. But you can see 94 percent at three weeks, 99 percent at eight weeks. Next. And here is the Enlist One by itself. And again, this is just one application at 24 days after planning. So we hit around 93% at three weeks and around 80 percent at eight weeks. Next. Then here is the round up plus and list1, very similar to what we saw with Enlist by itself. 92.5 after three weeks and 86 percent after eight. Just just to reiterate some of the points that Vijay made about getting the product on when it needs to be on. So application timing is probably more important than the post emergent product that you pick as long as you pick one that has efficacy on the desired weed species, particularly with Palmer. Getting it on time is really what's going to make the difference of whether it worked or not. So this is just an example on the right of your screen, there was herbicide that was applied on time on the left. We waited until 40 days after planting. That's not very long, just a little over a month. And you can see how tall that Palmer amaranth is already. That's way beyond the the effective size that we want to actually treat it. So it only takes about a week or week and a half to lose your window there when you can when you can effectively apply that post herbicides that you have. I met, we have to kind of change the way we think about things when we use glyphosate. In the old days, it was very good at controlling large weeds. So that's an issue. So getting it on time is important. And this is just a chart again that summarizes the early versus late control options here. And you can see we have a drop in almost every case, a drop in the level of control when we put it on late. So I do want to know a little bit of a warning here. Let's go back for a second, Vijay. One thing that I'm a little bit concerned about, you can see that we still get decent control with some of these programs like extend the max. You can see their Enlist We, we see a bit of a drop. So I don't want folks to get complacent and think, Oh, because this product is still working on larger weeds, I'll just wait and put it down on larger weeds. What's going to happen is the effective dose on that actual lead when it's that large is, is a reduced dose. And you're going to, we're going to drive resistance for that mode of action fairly quickly. In two or three years, extend the maximum work at all, or enlist won't work at all. So that's another precaution with timing on these products. Alright, next week eight, we are running out of time here. I do want to everybody for participation that grow website well, and we'll have this information later, is a great resource that has a lot of the data that we just shared with unaligned the herbicide programs and also integrated weed management tactics. So with that, I think there's one more slide, Vijay. There's our contact information. If you have any questions. And with that, I think there was a question. A jet has his hand up. I see in the in the in the chat there. So if there are any questions, please go ahead and and ask them or put them in the in the chat. And I do believe that weren't going to go ahead and take a short break. There is one thing Melissa, do we want to try to get the camera on for the New Jersey folks that we can we can actually see them. Yes, I'm going to turn their camera on and take a screenshot. So we're going to go ahead and take a break. But for the New Jersey folks, Melissa is going to turn your camera on so that she can get a screenshot and verify your attendance. Are there any questions for the panelists? I know we covered a lot of material already. In F. How long of a break? 10 minutes. They could. I think that's we had a program that will Let's come back at 935. Would that be okay? Yeah. All right. It should will see everybody back at 935. All right, everybody, so it's time to get started back again. And while the next slide presentation is being loaded, I just want to remind you. With what we saw with, you know, Ben and VJs talk is, even though there are fewer herbicide options, there still are herbicide options available for weed control. But with other herbicide resistant weeds that are popping up around the country and in our region, we really don't want to rely on just a herbicide program for weed controls. So Mark and Michael are going to talk next to you about I give EM tactics. I'll turn it is to a cubicle we control that you can use in your weed management program this year and in the future. So with that Mark mark, you're muted. There we go. All right. Two rookie mistakes. They didn't have the title slide up. I didn't have my mike. Thank you. Thanks for the introduction. Thanks for the update. Talked about through every weed management and my talk, my comments are going to be focused primarily on what we've been hearing about is our big three are most problems species. As mentioned, you know, this, this is critically important that we think about weed management beyond just what's in the job. I was reading an article last night out in Arkansas. They had data on I met population that's resistant, nine different modes of action. That's just nine different herbicides, but not two different modes of action in terms of modes be how it is that that we that those herbicides kill those suites. So there is not a silver bullet come in y that's going to help somebody out. We, fortunately in this area are not at that level yet. We want to prolong the use of herbicides that we have. And so we've got to really think about it in terms of integrating and chemical tactics as much as we can. So integrated weed management, are we talking about practicing using multiple weed management approaches and targeting either the critical stages like in the weeds that the most susceptible. We're, we're, we're looking beyond just a single method, are trying to optimize. We can show what one can do. And what we use and how successful were going to do is get. It's going to be specific to individual farms and fields add to individual species. So we need to think that in mind as we get into this time, less reliant on chemical, it's going to be harder to find a one size fits all for weed management. But eighth-grade weed management is bringing these different tat tactics together, these different approaches, whether it's mechanical, chemical, cultural, biological, where they overlap is, is that part of it great if we manage all of this rest on that pedestal of prevention. If we don't bring in common weeds, if we don't develop resistance, we really save ourselves headaches down the road. So prevention, while a lot of times it gets overlooked, is really kind of basis of our brave weed management approaches. But attached we think about where are people talk about integrated weed management and really focus on, and they go right to this talk and discussion, not take mixes using pre versus post multiple modes of actions, so on. And while that don't want to dismiss that, that's extremely important, That's really herbicides bench. We want to go beyond that. Talked about weed management with multiple tactics beyond just chemical control. So so that's what I'm going to focus on and I'm going to focus on the tactics as it relates to these problems species that we've been taught me. And again, scouting and prevention as the basis of IT. Spending time in the fields that we know where our problem builds are. We're picking up new fields or have new client that we really spent time with those fields and not just assume that we know what's up there, that we really don't. We get up there early so that we're taking action before these weeds get too big. And when we're talking, maximum size for Palmer amaranth controls is four inches as a relatively small we So that's, that's up there. We're going to be able to see without getting out into the field, visiting that feel and paying attention to those problem areas. And that will be knowing what's there. We're going back and revisiting those fields so that, you know, once we take an action list, chemical spray or cultivation, that we know that that was effective. We decide whether we need to make follow-up treatments. A lot of what we're talking about now, whether you know, what he puts up till now, it's really much more management intensive and whatever. But it really stresses that. It's these weeds that we're really focusing on for this ratcheted increase in, in management. Not all weeds necessarily fit in this category. Certainly there are weeds that, that we don't even think about it as far as management because other tactics just automatically or are very effective on what we're really focusing on these problems species, the Palmer amaranth, the herbicide resistant, rightly, mares tail. And you may want to, particularly if you're in vegetable situations, you may want to throw ALS resistant weeds and they're like red route or Italian migrants. And it really the emphasis on these snappy seed production. We don't want to allow seeds going back into the soil where the seeds can remain viable for two or three years down the road. They treat headaches, works. Otherwise, some of these other weights is our historically we've focused more on keeping that low damaging levels. And that's really the emphasis that the majority of the weeds. But when we start talking about these, these problem weeds, we need to think about it a little bit more intensive in terms of our management. Goal is to stop seed production. So prevention, you know, we have problems. We don't want to spread problems. We don't want to inherit someone else's problems. And a lot of times that's just lack of for citing him using prevention. So keeping our problem set a minimum preventing spread. Agronomic practices for I get BWM. Yeah, this, this is often times overlooked by a lot. Oops. It's a lot of times it's something that we implement without even considering it. But this is all those sort of agronomic practices that we use to get. I do a quick, rapid startup. And doing so, that crop then starts to shade the soil, develop a quick canopy. At net canopy death can't be as quickly as possible. All of that really makes that much more competitive to wheat. That's compared to crop, a healthy crop is the best thing that we have to compete with weeds. So keeping in my crop rotation, There's a lot that goes into crop rotation. But primarily as this is make you said we didn't eat using a good crop rotation that we can keep insects and diseases down in that, in that they enact crap that we're using narrow row spacings. What are the best things we can do is, is going from soybeans, from a third each row of soybeans, the 15 or less than that. The, the, the speed at which that crop then starts to shade the soil is much faster, much, much more competitive. It really helps out with later season weed problems, making sure that our fertility and so PHR or at optimum levels that we're growing the best Fridays for that feel. Some cases we can improve, we can show by going with higher seeding rates and death, planting at the appropriate time. And knowing that when we're planting that crop, planting into time of year where we get back with canopy development. There's, there's lot of interesting in areas about early planted soybeans, for instance, started looking at late April planted soybeans is going to take a lot longer for that canopy to develop. Just knowing full well that that's going to be a little bit more challenging from a control standpoint. That may not be the field that we want to try growing early seeds, soybeans. And if it's got some of these proper foods located there. As I mentioned, row space. This is a tremendous impact on competitiveness. This is just a late season shot. Thoughts were basically side-by-side, feel invested with Amaranth. Some of the plots on it, 15 inch rows on wet versus 30 Rosa. For each rows on the left and right. Debits. On the left, we cannot see the soil at this point. Whereas 30 inch row still a lot of soil getting sunlight getting down into that between the rows and look at the size of the Palmer amaranth in there. So narrower row spacings where we're channeling crops like soybeans, really improves our overall weed, sure. Fertility. You know, that's another thing that we often don't consider when we can plug-in weed management. But using the right fertilizer and using it the right time and the right placement. This is just a illustration of corn field. This is an untreated check. It seemed that the weeds that are in the row, they're picking up that starter fertilizer are much bigger and more robust than those that are between the row without the fertilizer. So when we're using these, when we're using fertilizers. Obviously we were using in tap it back prop, growing. But that has the added issue of also helping leads. So being aware of the impact of fertilizer, fertilizer placement, that's going to happen. Weeds, weeds are going to respond to that fertilizer just like prompts. Another rotate iteration, this rotation planting date for managing particular some of the species that we're talking about. As far as crop rotation diversity helps to provide a less favorable environment for the weeds, more diverse and more varied the situation, the better off we are overall week to show. We're not always targeting a weed control tactic at the same time. Would we use a more diverse rotation? The more diverse the rotation, the more opportunities there are to use, not cancel strategies as well. And you know, at this year, we're sitting here and in late March thinking about crop rotation. It may be a little late to implemented for this year. But start thinking about it as you're moving to ALL IN next year. That the war you can change the timing and the options you have available for reaching show the better off you're going to be in the long run. The rotating crops often provides more options. There are some crops that we had morning or more options available than others. That's not only from the standpoint of herbicide options for that also, we'll cover crop options that would soybeans give us a little bit more options for, for kind of crop them. Dead hands cover crop growth than we do with corn, and it can help improve overall control. Corn being tiny little bit earlier, we'll see this in a minute. May be an advantage for, for species like Palmer amaranth that are a little bit slower growing into work fine. So keep in mind that rotating crops that has a lot to do with timing, that those weeds are aggressively growing and pest control. And so picky about planting date and what pepper planting in the end when, you know, similar things that we need to consider with that is what percentage of the weeds have already emerged when we're doing that, that that planting, whether it's the burndown herbicide or are tillage phytoplankton. One thing that we've been talking a lot about today is that longer emergence period of species like Palmer amaranth. Much. Where are we in that continuum on a given planting date, where we'll next team of emergence. How much more concerned that we have to be above later emergence? Is that planting date at a time that's favorable for weak growth. And C2, where we can delay our termination of our hovercraft in the spring, even buy a matter of 10 to 14 days. We can have a tremendous impact on the amount of biomass that the public uses in its overall competitiveness. So here's an example about looking at the emergence. This is a graph looking at common ragweed and Palmer amaranth. This is that data from Georgetown. The red and the reddish lines are that common language. The bluish lines out, Palmer, amaranth, the ones with the axis are international tail. And we arbitrarily choose an 80 percent emergence would buy 80 percent. Merchants were well beyond that peak emergence of that species. And we know that most of the weeds have already emerged at that point. We use that as our guidance there. So looking out when has the bulk of the common ragweed in no-till emerge with them again with kindness at 80%. We're looking at like the first, the second week of June. The other hand, Palmer amaranth, 80 percent emergence doesn't hurt to about the third week of July. It's almost six weeks later. Before we reach that 80 percent emergence. Self. Mit's we see emerges much later and over a much longer time period. Then we'll see with, with Palmer amaranth that they're looking at looking at this. We started our sampling in mid April. And by that point, a lot of the ragweed is already starting to emerge. Whereas home I am, it doesn't start emerging till later in May. So I don't always emergence at both ends. When does it start? When this started to slow down or seats? Yeah. Think about plenty days I mentioned. Is that time a year of rapid growth? And this is a survey we did Georgetown looking at column I am land and the height of it or weeks after planting. And the letter bars are Palmer amaranth. In a no-till situation. The lighter parts are conventional tillage, that character bias and hotel scenario. Looking at Palmer amaranth that emerges on April 5th and four weeks after growth. So this would be early May. Palmer amaranth is still less than five inches tall in most scenarios. But at that Palmer amaranth emerged in mid-May. So four weeks later when looking at Mitchell Palmer, amaranth is from five to almost 10 inches tall. And then that junior emergence of words that emerges even later start time that, that hot part of the summer in four weeks. Palmer amaranth is at least 10 inches tall and 16 depending on the soil conditions. So you see the later that that brackets planted, the more favorable it is for Palmer amaranth growth. And the longer that, the quicker it's going to reach that maximum height for effective control. Compared to come and ragweed in and out on Iran. Or sweet mare still has a much different emergence pattern. It is primarily all emerging species emerge in the late summer. We see emergence starting in August and all the way up through a couple of killing frost into November. And then emergence picks up again in the spring. Generally are sprayed emergence. It's not as 12. We generally don't have as many species, but it certainly can be a significant emergence in the spring. It's something we need to consider. And that spring, as we move into later sprint, the growth rate of that first week to really picks up. So we're right is size of course, wheat, that would be an early bird downtime. And in this case where we're looking at a mid to late April as opposed to about three weeks later in the bottom left, the size of that Palmer or that that horse week, and how much taller it is, much more leaf material there and much more challenging. It's going to be troll. Whether we're talking kinda pull it in to challenge the planting date or management data. It is important for all three of these species are Suite has that all emergence. So oftentimes, you know, if you're pledging to small grain in the, in the, in the, off, a lot of those seedlings that Marie immersion. So we need to start cleaning. It's something we need to think about that we're controlling that that whole work going into a small frame. We can also have a fair amount of early spring emergence that may require additional management in the spring for even after planting. As opposed to common ragweed, which DM or animal. So it's going to emerge, but it's been emerge early in the spring and it's usually by early May and number of plants have our reemerge. So it's going to be president and a lot of bird Tom applications that we need to account for. Material important tactic without prior to planting that will control common ragweed. It can be very competitive early in the spring. And because it, but because it has a fairly short emergence window, as we move into later planting crops are certainly double crop. Soybean, common ragweed is much less of a problem for us. Palmer amaranth. It will start her emerging in the spring, but it's not till we get into say that the heat of this or mid spring, I guess if you will, we get into May, we start to see a real uptake emergence that we don't hit that 80 percent emergence, do we get into mid-July? So on my very long emergence, we've got to count for weeds emerging for long period of the summer. And that it often requires multiple tactics down at different times to provide a full season control. What I WM tactic that is, I guess I should say with our, our use of motel is why does is, is commonly used but that's still ij. And that for some of these species, tillage can still be a very effective tool. But we also know the detriments of tillage. Particularly long-term benefits, though tillage versus the benefits of long-term till it nope. Tell the long-term no-till much better water-holding capacity. So health characteristics, like in sums at some scenarios where. Problem reads had really can't have a hand, don't have a lot of good options for primary tillage and particularly mobile file. And it may be a consideration if that using their primary tillage spending, kill weeds that have already emerged, as well as disrupt out some of the perennial weed structures that are out there. But most importantly, as it relates to our summer annual weed problems, it can bury that we'd see in barrier to a depth where it wants to merge. The problem is though, is we use inversion tillage on a regular basis. What we're doing is just flipping that scene from the bottom of the flower layer up to the top of a pile layer. So we're introducing more seats up every time we till we're causing a change in gases and light and braiding the seed, which can stimulate germination. So there is that other factor that goes along with that challenge that we need to consider. But looking at this, this chart on the right, looking at, this is a survey of common lamps, Twitter seeds in the soil after various tillage practices. And you see where they had used mole per pile on a regular basis, that there was a fairly uniform distribution of weed seeds all the way down to six inches of where chisel plow our no-till was practiced. Majority of that weed seeds is within one or two inches. So a strategic tillage practice that where there is a particular problem bill, where converting soil, bearing that seed and keeping that seat down there for four to six years can be very helpful in some of these. But that C does need to be buried deep. Well beyond that, that emergence level. Looking here at the, on the left-hand side, the depth at which a number of weed seeds, number of species can emerge from. We see that the problem we were talking about, Palmer amaranth, and common ragweed, that much emergence beyond one each depth in the soil. So that inverted soil. We're not talking about chisel plow here, we're talking about mold, what plowback. It's bearing that C, making sure that that seat gets very two to three inches deep way. It has no chance of emerging from, but then it stays there for a long period of time to allow it to decay. This gets a pitcher from standing up for town in Georgia that looked at Palmer amaranth. And on the left is a dope dealer, conventional till plot, where right next to it he has the mobile. If you can see that the reduction in the density of Palmer amaranth is Mendez where he did. Well, but I'll get this this field, this area did not have a history of multiple columns, so it was at one time and strategic to help reset. The judge can be very helpful on, on the species. Improve overall management. Certainly with horse we would very small seed to be helpful with. The common ragweed can really help to reduce our density yet. But we also see reduction in density with Palmer amaranth, where we can successfully bury that seed. But some of the other tillage practices that come into play particularly look at using a stale seabed books that they want to chill and then let the soil set for a period of time. The Palmer amaranth emerge and then control it just before planting is not as effective. The species on the accompaniment species, because it does have such a long extended germination period. In season mechanical which can show cultivation. There's a number of options here. Nothing too much into perturbation. But just to remind us that we do have the, the early season or blind cultivation practices of B or luxury poleward arrow that's done shortly after planting. I'm done. Wobbles weeds are very susceptible stage that white thread stage, a period of time at which they already germinated, but they haven't developed their root system yet. And so that's usually about up to seven, maybe 10 days time after which the sort of tactics, he sort of mechanical tools are not nearly as effective. Then we move into our roadmap. Cultivating tools can be active. Again, if done at a timely fashion. Or one of the things about Palmer amaranth is what tickets more than four or five inches tall. Stem has the capability of developing, developing whoops along the stem and can remove very easily. So it, cultivation is not as effective at home. I am just getting taller. So much like a chemical approach. Mechanical needs to be done on small susceptible simplex. So all three of these species are susceptible to perturbation. This is a little bit less of an issue with horse week that's very susceptible to cultivation. Conventional tillage really is one way of eliminating problems with the course week. For species like Palmer amaranth that has that longer germination window, we may need to do repeated cultivation. Remember, a lot of these tools really are designed for between the roles that we're not controlling, those suites that are in the right. And the aggressiveness. So on my amaranth and common language, that can be a tissue. Paper crops. As I had another I gave you and tactics now, cover crops. Cover crops for all range of ecological services. From nutrient management, better water retention, improving soil structure. But perhaps can be very important and very beneficial for four weeks and show if they're managed. For that purpose. There's a number of different types of crops that can provide these practices. Whether it's the cues like the Pis, overs in every batch, or some of the grains like cereal, rye, oats, or winter, we will in general be cereals. And to be better at overall weed suppression. Then the guilds, the cereals, at a much higher carbon to nitrogen ratio. And so they do not break down nearly as rapidly as the cubes, which provides a longer period of weed suppression from these cover crops. Just kind of looking at some of the ways, imagine cover crops that up to optimize, we can show this is kind of a cover crop top timeline. With that planting a cover crop in the fall and planting our cash crops trapped in the spring. And the fall, we've talked about emergent pattern. That's somebody's particularly a horse week. I was going to emerge from late summer up through a couple of killing frost in the fall. And then summer or summer annual weeds are going to start emerge in the early spring, continue throughout the summer. Though, overlay that timeline with cover crop biomass production. That's what a wedge looking at here stuff. Our cover crop is planted in, say, in this particular case in September, we had relatively slow growth and unlimited growth. One of the things that this wedge does start to show is that as you get into spring, that there's an increase in biomass cover crop and pretty rapidly as we get into later spring. As I mentioned, we can see two to 3000 pounds production of hovercraft biomass in a matter of 10 to 14 days in, in, in the spring. So delaying that termination that cover crop really can improve our overall, we can show then that cover crop is, is terminated and carry cash crop is planted into it. And when our annual cohort, WE way that the Trump us with weed management, with those winner hangups as a direct competition, our crop starts getting taller, starts at shading might add over topping those winter annual weeds and keeping them under control. Well, what's that cover crop is terminated in the spring or summer. It's that residue that done the soul surface that provides a barrier for weeds to preventing weeds from becoming established. That if we manage a cover crop a little bit different and maybe terminate our cover crops sooner. That's what this is illustrating here, that the dotted outline is, if we had met that trap remain in the ground didn't terminated until early May. But we were looking at in early April terminated cover crop. See how much less biomass we have produced there. So there's less cover crop to compete with those winter annual weeds. But then there's also gonna be a lot less residual. Have a drought that down her residue with a backdrop of craft. To improve semiannual, we establishment. So terminating that cover crop even a matter of two to three day for two to three weeks earlier, where we do snip out biomass, it's there. But we're also sacrificing some of the properties of that cover crop. So how is it to cover drops? Help with, we can show reduces the number of statements that emerged. It slows the growth of seedlings. It gives us a wider window for post emergence applications. And we have seen some really good benefit to cover crop that down weeds with relatively modest levels. Above ground biomass in the neighborhood. Two to 3000 pounds per acre. Wow, may not be as effective as higher level. It still provides a significant number of viewers seedlings and slows the growth of 0. So my annual weeds so that we can really be very helpful in many cases, it gets more that timing of cover, crop termination and the overall biomass that's out there. That's helping us with weed management. And that amount of cover crop biomass that is produced. It depends that depends on a lot of factors. The utilities, seeding rates, planting date, but most importantly, termination date, the spring. Do we need to we need to start looking at someone then and considering some of the nuances management cover crop. If we're going to look at the maximum benefit for weed suppression. Again, timing termination is really important from the weed management benefits of paragraphs about factors that may directly impact the weeds. It's more of a competition, particularly as we think about Darwin or annual weeds. But then it also serves as a barrier to prevent the emergence and early season growth at some are animal weeds. And the benefit of COP practice, good. I'll still be dependent on weed species. This is charged, borrowed from John Wallis of it and state. It was like a number of different weed species. And the size of the sequence and as the size, seat size increases, the less effective the crop? Yes. Because that's the largest see more carbohydrates that's in there. Easier it is to push up through that math background. But note here at the top of the chart, jumps of the smallest seeds or Sweden. And read what people eat or Palmer amaranth, they have the same, we'd say that they're at the top. So it gives us an education is still cover crops are going to be more effective on the smaller seeded species like this. And hence, perhaps can be very effective for some of our problems little bit further down, but certainly not at the bottom of the list, but that common language, little bit larger C than a horse, Sweden and mares tail or in the pigweed species, but still covered. Now I'm really large C. So we still see quite a bit of benefit of color throughout time and rightly. So cover crops are going to benefit control all three of these species with horse Sweet with that winter annual, most of that, that benefit is through competition. Competition. It's going to slow the growth and prevent major seeds and germination. Different later sprint germination, of course week Coming ragweed. Because it is an elite germinating species. It's going to be affected by COVID, perhaps both your competition as well as the residue that cash crop on the, on the, on the cell surface. And with Palmer amaranth again germinates little bit later. So most of the fact that most of the effectiveness of a crop is going to be from that residue with a cover crop and helped prevent later germination into the spring. Again, this is where some cereal cover crops are going to be more effective because they are more resistant to break down and provide a longer period that that soil is covered With. Cover crop biomass will be jn. And Ben did an excellent job of highlighting herbicides and talking about some of our herbicide options. So I'm not going to go into that again. But again, I do want to emphasize that I WAN is, is a herbicides are an integral part. I get the lab, but they are not the only part. You've heard this before multiple times and I will be teaching you get the message is always directly. We don't have good options for controlling these species. Once the fact that the cash crop is planted and has emerged to start, please use the right product, use the right Great. And most importantly, in my opinion, isn't at the right time. I just want to emphasize sometimes when we give these talks and we will be talking about motets, we sometimes crossover on the corporate formulations. I just want to highlight particularly these herbicide tolerant crops, that there are only certain formulations labeled for use with research that parent rocks. So in the case of a list, and we're talking about only the 240 folding formulation. With the extend soybeans, There's only three or four formulations of a chamber that are labels for those crops. So keep that in mind as well. And just pass. We don't have rescue options for this problem weeds, particularly the herbicide resistance. So we kinda stay on top of that. We've had to think about herbicides lecture, not just that as a single onetime application, but consider crop in sequence, considering multiple passes throughout the summer and focusing on using not only multiple effective. This is not only multiple modes of action. Those modes of action needs to be effective for those targeted species. And again, though we focused a lot on this problem weeds, these three problem reads, we need to be sure that we're not selecting for the assistance of other species this well, we finally, at the end of the season, we get to the end. We've done that. We can put things just got away from us and we've had some problem. We feel that at harvest time, what are our options? What can we do at this point? They'll combine is actually one of the very effective mechanism spreading weed seeds both within the field and between deal. And we need to consider this, keeping these problem contained as much as we can. We're not spreading yet. This is some, some data from Michael looking at the mother's seeds at as hardest out some of these problems species accounting ryegrass, annual Palmer amaranth that common radically. All of them at least a 100 pounds of seeds per acre for a lot of State gone back into the soil. And while that is a lot, we want to keep that within a confined area and that spread our problems. So yes, if you have weeds mature at the end of the season and it's too big of an area to Henry Louis. Those seeds they could about harvest border. And your harvest operations, keep that. Those infestations can find as much as possible. Starting with the Week three areas first, or we pre, yields first, harvesting the weedy fields last. And then if you now when you harvest those weedy areas that you clean up that combine in those areas and not spread it to him to another field. Just can't say enough of keeping weed seeds in a confined area as much as we can. So you've heard about them to grow website as an option for, for some very informative resources on managing herbicide resistant weeds, particularly through great weed management. Up with a website here in the chat. And I guess we're doing questions at the end, so I'll just slide it over to Mike. Go ahead and pick up where I left off. All right. Good morning, everybody. Greetings from Blacksburg, some Michael Flexner, one of the extension Weed Specialist set Virginia Tech. And one of the things we realized is that this is pretty complicated, all right, and I'm sure he said that thought has come cross your mind this morning as well. Trying to take into account the biology, the timing, all the different options. And, you know, we've really focused on the big three weeds this morning, but there's other weeds out there in the field. We have to take into account two. And so, so we, the presenters this morning as well as some of our neighboring states. You can see in the bottom of the poster. Put this poster together to help simplify this sort of decision-making process and knowing what's going to work for which weeds. So I'll put the link to this poster in the chat and and we distribute these kind of across the region. So hopefully you can get your hands on a print copy if you'd like. But if you wanted to shoot me an email at Flexner dot vt or add vt.edu. I'll, I'll try to mail you wanted these. But this is basically we have before planting, what should we weeds we'd have out there in the field right now, right? Or a winner weeds as well as. Early emerging weeds like lambs quarters and common ragweed and dealing with those weeds and then the, the weeds after planting, right? The ones are battling in crop. So there's two tables on the poster. And then so the top of each table is basically the the weeds themselves. And so there's example weeds here, and this is a little bit blurry, but if you, if you zoom in on the downloaded option, you'll see it wasn't good clarity. But just do it. These example weeds going across the bottom. And really what kinda dries, what's working for these as terms of management tactics is a lot of their biology that the vomer mentioned in the first talk. And so these are, you can quickly, if you don't have the weed you're looking for in this table, you can kind of place it in the table by looking at is a broadleaf or narrowly flick a grasp or sedge. Its lifecycle annual and perennial. When does it emerge, which its growth habit is simple, veining, prostrate, upright, et cetera, and its primary reproductive structure. So we have all those example weeds going across the top of the table and then going down the side of the table are pretty much a wide assortment of various management options in there. And they're organized into some categories like crop rotation. And so it goes from a continuous monoculture and adding diversity as you kinda go to that category. Cover crops early terminated versus plate terminated. Winner competition in the before planting, table, tillage and cultivation. Planting date. If you plant a little early or a little bit later, or other considerations around planting like going to a narrows facing and kind of so on and so forth. We do have chemicals in this table, but it's not focused necessarily on which product you choose. We've got a Pest Management Guide for that. But when to apply. And I really agree with what Ben said is a lot of our herbicide options are really getting the right timing is there's a lot more critical than a lot of cases then actually the right product, but of course both are important. So those are the different categories going down the side of the table. And then these are rated on this scale of detrimental no effect, poor, fair, good, and excellent. In some cases we just didn't have data or things weren't applicable. But it is important to consider that some things are detrimental, right? They're going to make our problems worse. Squares. Some tactics will make them better. And so when you look at this whole table, I think what you can quickly do is once you find your lead, you can kinda, kinda scan down that column and I can see things that, you know, in green that are good or excellent, that these are things that if I can in my operation to make sense I should be doing because those are going to help me with that lead. If there's something that's in orange for detrimental, That's probably something I should try to avoid if possible. So for example, Horse sweeter mares tail, which is when it's out there right now, you know, a good tactic is a diverse crop rotation. When we get to cover crops, if we can get that winter and spring competition, that's good. If we can get it late, terminated, that's even better. As we talked about Mayor cell H4, sweetest is very successful to tillage. So there's a lot of excellent options there to, to get rid of it. And then in terms of the chemical program, getting an effective burned down and a residual with that burned down as is most affected there. So we hope that this resources is really helpful when design integrated weed management plan to kind of holistically look at all the options, chemicals, and other things. So that's that link is in the chat. And I think we'll then move on here to the next presentation and have some some interaction and some polls to answer already. Well, thank you Michael. I'm still working on to the next presentation, which is actually going to involve some participation from you guys and me. See if I can get the next presentation up here. Okay? So what we get is, is we all kinda got together and put together two scenarios that we're going to go over. And one is the soybean scenario and another one is that the others, the corn scenario and just talk about what are some of the different considerations and options we might want to think about in consideration of all the different things we've talked about this morning and, and in particular, the year that we're facing with herbicide shortages and price increases. And of course the, the, the, the fundamental thing we're going to keep going back to is and instead of thinking about weed management is as what's in the jug or what herbicide program you're going to use. Thinking about all the different components of the integrated weed management program, both the preventative, mechanical, cultural, and chemical aspects of that. And this is just an example that we put together several years ago, targeted towards Palmer amaranth. And looking at at all the different things that we need to do correctly to get good control of this, we'd know obviously Palmer amaranth is one of the harder weed control. And so you have to, you almost have to do all of these things to To get a handle on it, but it's putting these all together so that we have a better a better chance of getting good control. And so before we get started, we just wanted to quickly review what all of the different options are from preventative, cultural, mechanical, and chemical. And so we'll do each scenario will actually start with more of a focus on the chemical side in terms of herbicide selection, mode of action selection and targeting the correct herbicide to the brick weed. But then at the end, we're going to bring this chart up and we're going to talk about, okay, for these particular weeds, What do we think the best preventative cultural and mechanical techniques would be? And we're all kinda, kinda chime in here as we go. I'm sort of leading the the scenarios, but we're going to hear from Michael, Mark, and VJ incurred as we go along. And then we'll have some polls that you can actually participate in. So the first scenario here, and if you have a pencil, you can kind of follow along. We have so it means we're going to be planting this spring anticipated planting date is May 1st. We had corn last year. And this field has a history of herbicide resistant common wrangling. Specifically, it is resistant to our ALS chemistry. So things like classic and first rate and pursuit. And it also is resistant to glyphosate, which is typically common when we have herbicide resistant ragweed, it's resistant to both. We also have a little bit of mayors tail in my area, every field has a little bit of mares tail. And last year in our corn we had some escapes of fault. Pentagon, which is a annual warm season grass. So we're planting full season beans this spring. We did plant a cereal, rye cover crop. The rise just pass green up, looks pretty good. We walk the field and we did find some annual bluegrass, a little bit of annual ryegrass and mayors tail, and the mares tail is still small still and the rows that stage. So the fun part, you've ordered your glyphosate and you're in there, you get urine able to get about a third of what you normally do. Or maybe I should say you can only afford about a third of what you normally could. Either way, we're just going to consider you don't have all the glyphosate you want. So the first question is, what are the weeds of concern here? And so I'll go back to the previous slide. I just want, Let's make a list and this is what we like to do. When the first slide that Vijay pulled up. Any good we weed management program, you really need to start with what are the weeds, weed history of the field, what species are we trying to control so that we can target our control mechanisms towards that, whether they be cultural, biological, chemical, preventative, all of those, Let's start with what the weeds are. So in this situation, we know that we have common ragweed. We have some mares tail and there is indeed mares tail. It's already up and we have some fall panic. So that's the field history. And when we walk the field, we found bluegrass annual bluegrass. And this is important one, we found annual ryegrass is getting to be a real problem in our area and cover crops. And again, mares tail. So we put that all together and we made a list so for our burned down, so what we need to terminate prior to planting soybeans, we have a cereal rye cover crop that's primarily what's there. We have an annual bluegrass, we have small grant ryegrass and small mares tail. And then in season we expect that our driver weeds are going to be the common ragweed, mares tail and fall panic. With that. We're going to put a poll up here and we want folks to actually respond. How will you manage existing weeds prior to planting with what is your plan for burned down? And you can tick Joe, just put the poll up on your screen. So what we would like everybody to do is actually go through there and pick what you think are good options. And there's, there's a lot more than, than one good option here. So pick all of those that you think are acceptable options, and then we'll discuss them so we can go ahead and actually start the poll. And we'll see, I can't see how folks are responding, Joe. So once once the response rate starts to slow down, I will manage that we're at 10 percent. Perfect. All right. We'll go ahead and vote, folks. This is a participatory exercise here and we'd like to, we'd like to have you participate and we can have some discussion, But it's not letting me choose as a panelist. I see. Okay. Who is that? I can push you back out. This was for the New Jersey guys, evil. I thought I had everybody pushed out. What's your name? Like? Yaakov Ellie. We still have bruce Morrison and Fred, I think as panelists. Yeah, they were on the list, so I should move those guys over to I don't know whether if they're panelists and also getting credits, they could be. Now you can take them off as a panelist, Joe, if you would like. Okay. Results, Good deal. Let's go ahead and end the poll and share the results if we could, Joe. Yep. Yeah, Hopefully everybody can see the results of the poll. And so we get a lot of good answers there. And I'm going to, All right, hopefully you can see the poll and you can also see my slide. So there are the different, different options and we'll just have a little bit of discussion here. So and, and part and Michael, Mark JU I'll chime in here. I'm going to offer some thoughts first. So 240 and DICOM. Dicom, but that's a good option for mares tail. It's also a good option for the common ragweed. The one thing that we're going to miss as any grass species. So we're not going to pick up the cereal rye cover crop. And we're not going to pick up the bluegrass or the annual ryegrass. Now one potential option is you could use that T4 d donkey and the combination early and then leave the, the ryegrass to get a little, little more biomass. As we just learned from Mark, the more biomass we have, the better off we are better off we are in terms of weed control later in the season, so that would be an option, but we'll have to have something to pick up that ryegrass, an annual ryegrass, sorry, Ri and annual rigorous later. Grim Ox1 to 40 and retribution early is actually my favorite choice. And again, this is just my opinion. And the primary reason I like that option is because of the annual ryegrass. I don't like annual ryegrass getting much size to it because it's very difficult to control once we get into April. So I prefer going in early and taken that out. I do know that I'm going to lose a lot of the benefit of the, of the cover crop. But because we have annual rye grass in that situation, I'm just not willing to to let that get out of hand. Now, there are different opinions on that. Other folks would, would say, well, let's go ahead and let the cover crop go. And we can use a little glyphosate later to clean that up. But that's just my opinion. The next option and we see we have about 20 percent that like the cliff at m, which is Select, That's our grass product plus 240 plus measure abuse. And that's another good option. I'll just just want to realize that often when we mix the cleft, the dim or the select with 2 4 D, we can have a little bit of antagonism there. And so we might not get quite as good of control as if we were to apply them separately, which is the next option. But of course, this is all a benefit cost analysis, kind of a proton thing. You can apply the cleft that M and then follow that by 2 4 D and retribution, that's another option, but that takes two trips across the field. Finally, we have glyphosate before planting and which is, Yeah, That used to be the standard program. The issue with that is we do have mirror still in that field. And unfortunately, that's not going to do us a lot of good for the mares tail. Now what we could do is we could put glyphosate plus sharpen the sharpened would clean up the mares tail. Again, it's whether or not you think you can, you have enough life estate to be able to do that? Tillage is an option. And we actually are using a lot of tillage this year just because of the roundup shortage. Obviously, there's some there's some pros to using tillage in terms of of mares tail control. We know from from Michael's talk that tillage is very effective at mares tail. Picking up mares tail. Of course, the downside of tillage is the, is the soil health and compaction and loss of that biomass that we get. And then finally, I do see a couple of people, not many, two people out of, out of 15 said, wait and use a post emergent herbicide after planning to clean up everything. So that's what we don't want to do. Never want to wait until after we plant to try to get control of these things. We want to make sure we start clean. Because remember with soy beans, we don't have a lot of options after they, after they come up, particularly with common ragweed, would be the problem. And mares tail. So are there any other comments from the other panelists on this option? On this question? I'll jump. And then a couple of thoughts about the plus at him here. Cluttered him is herbicide when it's cool outside is not going to work as well are grasses and it's also, it's very effective our warm season grasses are dealing with in season, but it's not quite as powerful on the cool season grass. You know, the three graphs as we mentioned at the burndown were right, annual bluegrass and ryegrass. And so all those being cool season grasses, it tends to be a little bit weaker on that. So, so that's something to keep in mind is the temperature at application. And not also be. Pay particular attention to the adjuvant package you're using with whatever clef a Dim product you choose. Making sure that you kind of maximize that Azure package to help make up for central antagonism and potential cool weather there. And I guess the same would go for having, Make sure you're maximizing your adjuvants to sharpen as well, make sure you have that MSO and AMS and the tank to get that kill on the on the mares tail. Good point. Thank you, Michael. Already up on that. I don't know. I'll follow up on that as well and add careful of your rates as well. You know, the cleft, the Div 2, 4 D Michael mentioned potential antagonism, and that's more likely to be seen if you were to use a little bit lower rate, let the depth, the cleft, the DEM labels very specific about rates for different between species, so be sure to follow that. And death. Oftentimes, these rates at an Italian rye grass and bluegrass are going to be higher than it normally would seem. That might be used to sell, check your rates and be sure you use, right. And mark there is there is a restriction on on clef and M for corn, correct. Isn't there am where I'm talking about corn in this situation, but it kinda timely to bring that up. Yes. But if, if there is a great collected in volunteer corn and it's relatively low rates that you would be using plethora dim can control these one are angels like this. It's a 30 day early. It's three days before you plant forms. So yep. Let the dim light they didn't before corn. This is going to be very careful about that. Good. Thank you, Mark. All right. Anybody else? Okay. Well, keep gone. Joe will take that pull down and we'll we'll see here, go to the next. Okay, so pick a soy bean platform. What are some considerations? And so we'll put up the poll question too. Perfect. And so this one is not, you know, there's really no wrong answer here, so don't don't stress over this one. Yeah, ahead and there we go. We have one response. Perfect. All right. So the senior year respond, the center we can that we can move on here. And again, this is a single choice question, just to keep it simple. Good. Okay, Joe, I think we're we're almost at 15 where we can stop now. So the good news about this question is we have lots of choices. And is really, again, there's really no wrong answer. Remember our driver species here in terms of herbicide resistance, what glyphosate won't pick up is going to be our common ragweed. And also mares tail if we didn't do a good job of picking that up earlier. So we know that we can get fairly good or very good control with, with most of these platforms, the ones that we'd want to avoid would be the standard Roundup Ready platform and the conventional platform. So Roundup Ready is not going to get our common ragweed and it's not going to get our mares tail. And of course the conventional will either. In my kind of my opinion on this and we can hear from some of the other folks. If, if you have common ragweed and you're just starting to to notice it and you haven't had to deal with it before. I really like the extra option you get with, with using one of these, either a liberty dot cam or two for d option. So you have another option for your posts. And typically it's going to be a sequential application out there to clean this up really well. And then once you get it back under control, you can go back to your Roundup Ready or conventional if you really want to and use a product like reflex post. But I really prefer having that additional option there and your pace program. So that in any other panelists have some some opinions on that. I think big consideration we mentioned and people are well aware of is the glyphosate ankle and fascinated both price and availability. Um, and so having maximizing your options with your soybean platform choice would be critical, I think so the Enlist and the extend flex, as you said, have had that kind of extra option of 240 and the Enlist or Dicamba in the extend flex. And they both have the liberty and and Roundup glyphosate options there too. So I think having that is something that could be really handy later in the season. The other thing I would mention is we do have some, some group 14 PPO resistant ragweed in that region. I think that's basically New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland in eastern shore of Virginia. And so if you're not convinced and you guys tell me if I'm wrong about that. But so, so if you're in that conventional system and you're relying on something like cobra or reflex. Those are both group 14 herbicides and you really don't have a good herbicide option at all in that conventional system, which could be tempting this year with round up prices. If you can capitalize on a non-GMO price premium. That can be tempting. But first we got to control the lead. Some of my thoughts, my experience with reflexion, common ragweed, it very difficult to get that on in time and get, and get good control. It's really nice to have that extra option. All right. Any other thoughts? I just want to end with these unless and extend flex platforms. You are allowed to tank mix a lot of these products together, like 2 4 D and liberty are 2, 2 4 D and round up. And I'd just be aware of the restrictions on the website I posted in the chat earlier to see, now what's you are allowed to do mix and what's the iron Latin mix? Yeah, it gets to be very confusing very quickly. All right, Joe will head to the next poll here. All right, Now this is one of the most important questions. Remember what Vijay said earlier? The days of relying on a total posts program with just play for state are long gone and we need to have a good backbone residual program. So what, let's think about what that residual program might look like. And so again, this is just a single choice. So if he only had one choice, which one would you pick? And you can go ahead and answer that now. And remember this is common ragweed, mares tail. We also have some fault panic come out there. So as, as, uh, just to reiterate with what Vijay was saying earlier, you know, when we put together our residual programmer really like to have at least two effective modes of action in, in the, in the program. Remember that word effective? There's a couple trick ones in here. And because we only gave you a single choice, you can kind of put combinations, which is what we would normally do, but we'll just make it work if it is. All right. We're up to 11. Unresponsive. Doesn't look like we're going to get many more. All right, We can go ahead and share the poll Geng. Okay. And for folks you can scroll down on the poll if you want to see all of the, looks like we didn't see all the choices there. That's okay. And you can grow a band, you can also stretch that box. I can do that. I think everyone to do that, I believe. Okay. You're probably right. Yeah, I got it now. So what I just pulled up, what those different choices we talked about were, and then I put in red the products that I wouldn't recommend. So this and again, this is kind of a little bit of a trick question. So we had I'll start with authority XL. So authority exhale is a premix product. It has self venture zone at a fairly good rate, but it also has classic. So classic is it group two, self-interest in as a group 14. In this case, self-injury landed a very effective on our pig weeds, but doesn't have much activity on common ragweed. So we wouldn't want to rely on some self-interest zone. We also don't want to, we won't get anything out of the group too. So pursuit, the classic component of authority, Excel just isn't going to give us much. So authority. Excel in this case is probably not the best product. We would want to rely on them on a if we're going to use a VPN product like valor would be my choice. Reflex could also work though. I don't like putting it in the pre-program. In the mid-Atlantic states, I think we're limited to one application of reflex every two years, and I prefer to use that in the post, but other products we could consider would be doors. Did you walk? Metro abuse and command. They all have activity. And again, we can't rely on a brick to, in this case, a pursuit would not be a good option, doesn't look like anybody pick pursued and classic products wouldn't be a good option. So with that, any other comments? I like the the, the command is an option here. And one of the considerations is that it would be a total different mode of action that we haven't used in a week. Well, we don't use it corn in, and it was due to be in a new way of integrating new mode of action. It also has pretty good fault pennant come control. So we're not only helping with the rag week, but also the default Pentagon. The one thing I will note is that love books or that layer with Command. It does need to be used at the full able to write. That's where we're going to step C. The control group of teens, as a general rule, are not particularly effective on common radically. So they'll have certainly help with the fall panic though, but not so much with the common rightly. And I didn't put LoRa. Lora is another one that, that had an older, one of these really old chemistries that still has activity on common ragweed. You have to be little careful with the rate. But the idea with this is just looking at what the, with the weeds are you trying to control and then pick what products have efficacy and try to get to good effective modes of action. And I should have mentioned, we didn't make mention of this. We did send everybody a link to the booklet. And we, we pulled the herbicides, efficacy charts where both corn and soybeans. So all of the information for those two crops, it's in that booklet. And so you could look up the efficacy tables and see which ones are, are best suited for whatever particular weed you're trying to control. So you do have that resource now. All right, we'll move on here. Janet, but that's kind of already gone over what we eat, what we covered. So how will you manage weeds during the growing season? So we're ready for poll question number four. So go ahead and you can, you can answer those. And this one, you pick all suitable options that you can pick more than one. More than one option. I don't see any responses yet. Well, there's one. Right? Now. These have a lot of this question and a lot of integrated weed management options in it as well. Okay. It looks like folks are maybe wait one or two moments here. We're up to 13. No. Okay. I think we're good now. We can go ahead and share those results. So here are the different choices that we had. And I just went ahead and, and put, put the ones that I thought were the wrong answers in red and the right answers and in black. So the two things that I don't want to do is sprayed by date, not we'd size. So we know particularly with some of these aggressive bleeds like Palmer amaranth, we need to catch those when they're under four inches in size. So also remember with with weeds like Palmer amaranth to later in the warmer in the season we go the quicker they're going to, the quicker they're going to grow. So what you might be able to get away with 30 days if planted early in the season, you might only be able to get away with 120 days after planning for double prompt. So we really want to look at, and the only way we're going to know the size of the wheat is it we're actually out there looking at him. So scouting becomes a very important component of that. And of course, the other thing we don't want to do is, is wait until later in the season and try to get away with one application of the state that's a recipe for disaster for sure. And then say the right things. You know, we talked about scouting, we talked about all the agronomic things you need to do to promote crop healthy crop growth, proper fertility, row spacing, planting date. We want to make sure again that we we apply those posts based upon we'd size four inches or less and then use sequential applications if needed for 0 tolerance weeds. So these are ways that we just don't want, you know, one or two is too many. That with Palmer amaranth would be an example of that. We want to hand we those and get them out of the field. Particularly if we don't have any history of those weeds on the farm. And then finally, as VJ mentioned, using a delayed residual. So getting that second residual out there, particularly in soy beans, with your first post, can help, help keep those weeds at bay until we get good candidate equation. Any comments from the group? Yeah, Ben, I just want to say that delayed residual is going to help with weeds like Palmer, amaranth, and even your grasses. But most of the products we have their label for post emergence residual application. Our group 15 herbicides like go, and they're not gonna be that it's not going to be effective against the common ragweed. That again, common ragweed is going to be one of those earlier germinating weeds. So hopefully by the time spray your first post emergence application and that takes care of all the ragweed in the field. Good point. Thank you, Kurt. All right, so moving right along here, we put some examples of delayed residuals for soy beans. Again, these are all group 15. They will provide some activity on, on our, on our graph is. But as pert said, unfortunately, they don't have much activity at all. Uncommon ragweed. One more example of those would be reflex. It has delayed residual as well, but it's kind of the opposite. It works well and draw these but doesn't provide much for grasses. But because it has both burned down or sort of knock down activity from post-merger perspective and the residual activity. That's another reason if you've been, you mentioned you'd like it better in the post and that's another reason why I like it's supposed to to deal. Thank you, Michael. Okay. So just wanted to talk a little bit about my WM tactics. That would be good things we could implement. In this case, things that I would, I would want to do. And so there's really no wrong answers here. We just kinda wanted to discuss what these would be. And so I'm just going to give you example of some of the things that I circled as I'm, what are they going to concentrate on? And I was really looking at common ragweed. So accounting is really, really important to make sure you get that Postman application on in time. And also you don't have any common ragweed that, that's emerge when you plant the beans. Removing escapes, harvest from clean to infested areas in that order. So you're not carrying weed seeds into new fields. Harvesting those infested fields last and making sure we're cleaning that equipment. Narrow row spacing is one that's really important. Now cover crops, I didn't circle. I think that our panelists here would probably argue with me on this one. The reason I didn't circle that is because I had I mentioned earlier I am going to terminate that cover crop earlier to make sure I get our annual ryegrass. But cover crops are very effective on common ragweed if you get biomass early. The other thing that I put was planting date is important. We need to realize that common ragweed is coming up earlier in the spring. And so planting date, it can be a consideration. Others that that folks want to talk about that they might try to institute here. All right. I don't see any comments. Just make a mention. We've talked a little bit about desktop and seed production, removing any escaped weeds. And for the summer annuals. Once they, once these we'd start to flower, there are going to produce mature seeds within two to three weeks after flowering. So if you're talking about walk and field ski in late August and removing weeds, just pulling them up is not going to be adequate. That's, those seeds are still viable. This could go right back into the seed bank. They're going to have to be moved out of the field so that the seeds don't go back into the CPAC. Michael, can you talk about the difference between common ragweed and Palmer amaranth in terms of when they dropped, see, well, there's they're pretty similar really. I think both of them hang onto their seat at least through the first opportunity for soybean harvest quite a bit. But if you're just sampling them and then leaving them in the field, then those seeds are going to make your way back into seed bank versus carrying those plants out of the field? I don't know if that did that answer your question? Yeah. Well, I guess what I was getting at if even if you wait until you catch them after they flower, if you, if you pull them, bag them and take them out of the field, you'll still eliminate a lot of that. Eat feed it. In other words, haven't dropped already yet. I know Palmer were over 90 percent seed retention at soybean harvest and I want to say ragweed is at least 80 maybe at step i be 90. So a lot of that seed is still on the plant and available to get rid of the deal. Okay? How Obama about this is we are having, I think we need to understand the biology of the blue light. Go on. To Goldman guy we fleshes begins the lean season and then later in the season or during the fall. Whereas it, so these are the windows, but for the palmar, we would see a longer duration during the season. So we are relying more on a herbicide programs and effective management of that during the season. Whereas for the ragweed, they can actually place our strategies to control that before starting of the season and towards the end of the season. So that biology is named. Absolutely. All right, Very good. Well, I think that given our time occurred, I was just going to skip scenario to anger right too. Our ending slides here, if that's okay. It's almost 11 o'clock and then we'll do the evaluation. That sound good. Okay. All right. I'm going to skip through here real quick. We just want to a couple of resources that, that might be of interest to folks. There's the herbicide classification posters which lists all of the different herbicides in what mode of action or site of action there in it also has all the premix isn't what's in those prefixes, which can be helpful. And then we also want to just make note of the Mid-Atlantic field crop weed management guide. You can order these through Penn State of Virginia Tech actually has a very similar guy that's free for download off of their website. So again, we put the efficacy charts and information on corn and soy beans from this guide into that booklet for, for your reference, will also make, make note of the grow website. This is a collaboration between a lot of different states on techniques for integrated weed management. So just a good toolbox of things you can do on your farm. And there's that website there, the grow up IUWM.org, very easy to find. Finally, we do want to, want to thank our sponsors. Amendments would be bored was a was a major sponsor of the workshops, as well as USDA NSF, the extension and implementation of program provided funding. And again, this is a multi-state effort and all of the different commodity organizations throughout their states have all contributed to the research that we all do and to putting these workshops on. So we want to acknowledge those folks as well. With that, Joe, if we want to bring up the I guess the next thing would be the evaluation. And then once we complete the evaluation, we'll talk about the now there's one more survey that will ask you to do for, I'll put it in the, in the chat and provide your information for pesticide recertification credits. So folks want to go ahead and if you would go through the evaluation, you'll have to scroll through just pull that bar down to answer all the questions. It looks like there's a total of 10 questions. There's there's another three on a second evaluate CSP time. Yeah. I wasn't wasn't able to put them all in the center. Remember now? Yep. Yeah. So folks, we'll go ahead and take time to to fill it out. We will not share these results with everybody so that if you will, fill out an evaluation that we would appreciate it or responding to my questions. There the next evaluation open. So this will go live with bones. So we would like do a system that does for the business. Model is not tones and rewards and I'll be proctors. So writing a blog on the London Eye focusing on this, my home inhibitions, these, these. So we would like to see Technology who are mourning dating. I'm like, where should we focus our images? Yeah. So we only have 33 responses so far to the evaluation, so we'll give it another couple of minutes for folks to work through that. In the meantime, if anybody has any questions about how these integrated weed management tactics may be applied to other systems besides corn and soybeans. Please feel free to ask. Okay. It looks like I can't see the problem. Eat mind, dump all our scene. I was hoping it'll do film, but we're at 80 percent. Okay. I think that's probably probably pretty good. Go ahead, put a second one to 4%. Yeah. Okay, here we go. So the last, this is the next evaluation are just three questions regarding precision. I am a year. Okay. Continuity. Problem is go I can hear you. Okay. So we want to go ahead and do those three questions. Rate, we appreciate everybody responding to that incurred. I'm going to hand it back over to you here in just a minute. I did put the survey for the pesticide credits in the chat box. I will also e-mail that survey link out to everybody so that they can have it if they don't get a chance to grab it from the chat box. Um, and then I know Melissa has some additional instructions from the folks from New Jersey. She'll probably have to get a screenshot of their of their attendance here. Alright, looks, I think we're pretty good with that evaluation, Joe. I think we can probably in that now. Thank you, Anne. And if we could just save those results for later, Joe, that would be great. Yeah. Loaded. Perfect. I'm going to hand it over to you. Well, then they're going to need a code word for the survey. For the what is the code word? You think won out? The code word is going to be code word. I'll put that in the chess. You do that. I had to turn my mic on because I'm laughing as I'm filling it out. Well, I think I think that's it. Thank you all for attending again. New Jersey people, please stay online so you can get your credits. Any last minute questions anybody has still, please feel free to ask, but if not, we'll be seeing you around. Thank you for attending. One more thing that I forgot. We are going to send the PowerPoints out. We'll we'll send a note to those out via e-mail to everybody so they'll have access to them later. Or well, thanks again, everybody. Home. Thank you guys.
Weed Management Workshop On March 24th 2022
From Joseph Dombroski March 31, 2022
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