In June 2019, the U.S. government published a strategy to assess critical minerals supply security. Much of the focus of this effort was on the minerals needed for U.S. defense and manufacturing prowess. However, the core mineral challenge for the U.S and indeed for most countries will be to source minerals for a range of energy delivery and storage infrastructure. The materials needed for clean and reliable energy deserve singular attention and international governance mechanisms will be essential for their supply security.