Okay, So this is a hybrid estrus seminar. A few people in the room and some people online. And today's seminar is going to be given by Posh Spice price. And I met harsh at a luncheon about a month ago. We were chatting around about Honors College. And as we're walking out back towards campus from lunch, we got into a conversation about harshest work with the nasa grant to study growing plants in space as a way of developing food sources for long mission Cyprus, I presume. And so since we had a we had a open slot, I thought I would invite him to come in and do is talk about micro gravity suppression. Anybody? I just wanted to also mentioned that November 29th, the Tuesday after Thanksgiving break, and December 6th are both open dates. So if you have any suggestions for speakers, please let me know. And we'll fill those in. The seminar schedule is available online, but I'll send out a week sometime. You have another seminar after this on December 3rd, Keith Emily Cunningham, She's a big hosted by John cases. But we have December 29th of December 6 I'm sorry, November 20, 1976, both open. So please make suggestions. If you have somebody who you think could give it a separate either remotely or in person. Okay, so harsh. Start the seminar. It's on growing plants and space, microgravity and suppression plant community. Right. Thank you. Thank you, Stan. Thanks for the kind introduction. I already said that I'm kind of taking a very bold step, coming to the bottom of physics, but I have very fond memories of teaching in this building. That has given me some, some boost up to come. Kind of dwell into the world of physics. Yes, Dan and I talked about little bit in terms of what we just started doing in our lab. It's been an 18 years, Judy, for me and I'm right now at the Star Campus. Most labs that are there as part of Delaware Biotechnology institutes of my lab does a lot of plant microbe interactions, but we'd never thought, well, I'll ever do a talk at the bottom, the physics. But this is a cool thing in terms of getting out, doing cross-pollination, doing different kinds of interdisciplinary work. So as a standpoint it out, we're trying to model a gravity because plants are masters of grabbing sand site, they can sense gravity by virtue of having a very defined root systems. And they can sense gravity very easily. But the question that pops in terms of what happens when you model a simple abiotic response such as gravity. And how does it entail in terms of interaction of plants with pathogens. So that's kind of the gist of a very lame and spirit that interaction could be seen in a different scenario, but that's what plants experience and the terrestrial planet. So the questions are very simple. For this particular project, we are actually not casting plant pathogens, testing pathogens or bad microbes, which are probably for all of us sitting in this room or people who are watching, we assume it's human pathogens and how plants actually acts as wetter so that they are not classical plant pathogens, so they will not infect plants. And either they were showing symptoms at plots of any kind of disease. But they will use plants as vectors to get into a proper host that has all the phosphate here. So that's the basic questions that we try to answer even before landing on this task or project. We were actually trying to understand this unusual interactions and lab trying to see how plants become hosts for some of these opportunistic bacteria and bad bacteria which often cause problems as well. Then the twist is that whether that interaction changes, then you kind of start modulating a simple situations such as gravity. As I said, plans can easily says gravity. And there's a lot of work which I'll also highlight terms of how that works. So those are simple, very simple, basic, fundamental questions that we tried to answer the lab or trying to. So before we get on there, a lot of people have allowed you to do this project. A piece that puts question that we've been answering are trying to answer the last 57 years. The nasa project is kind of a nice transition to this particular area. So a lot of collaborating labs, lot of work by amazing facility here, which is really cool. A lot of work now, recent work through, through nasa. And also one of my grad students, postdocs actually started this work. But a current grad school is actually carried on trying to work on this particular nasa project. So obviously a lot of work done in the lab in the past and continuing in relation to this particular project. So if you try to, again, I'm trying to bring very minimal biology, just keeping in mind the audience that we have. But I'm trying to put in layman term biology in terms of the classical comparison, comparison, but classical western to what happens in soil. Soil is not dirt in terms of all the different biological entities that you find. You would see good, bad, and ugly. In terms of how you would compare that to a classical western movie. The goods or the bugs are the bacteria or microbes which are really good for plants. So they act as something which helps plants in a different way to either increase the evil door, whatever productivity the bats are, the ones which actually are the five per cent of overall microbes that you would find in soil which cause disease. Ugly are the ones which relates to what we do is live right now in terms of food contamination. So these guys are not even planned path. You will not see a disease. E.g. all the recalls that you hear about all the leafy greens. Or if you're scared to go to Chipotle, e.g. those are all related. These outbreaks, which comes from human pathogens and plants being used as a vector. So those are the part that we're trying to understand. Just because if you're trying to grow plants or attempting to build plants in space, you will be taking plants which are easy to consume and rod consider those, that aspect. You can grow wheat, rice or other base stations because they take obviously treatment for months. And they're much more complex perhaps, and they've been domesticated for a long, long time. You are actually targeting plants which Alvarado. And unfortunately those are the ones which actually carried along with being a human pathogens. So it's again, very simple concept that's been shown. Again, you don't have to go into the deep aspect of the role of good microbes and plants survival. Now proven and validated. It all accounts for all of us sitting in this room. We are, we all carry our own microbial signatures. So the gut entity of microbes in mind or sustained would be completely different. So you are basically known by the microbes and carry same thing works but plants, plants are known to carry their own microbes and it's been shown that good ones actually protect plants. So they improved plants immune response. And again, when you talk of immediate immunity, you always relate it to Brian. For all of us, we have immune response to plans. You have immune response to it. They can respond to different kinds of patterns. Good or bad bacteria put a bad microbes differently. They can protect themselves by virtue of having a very strong in defining the system. So in terms of how plants communicate, this is again, a concept that's been talked about very controversial. Plants are sessile, they cannot move. They usually communicate by producing chemicals. The chemistry involved in plants. Again, it's a Department of Physics. And I'm talking about chemistry, but it's basically their ability to communicate comes from the word geo. They being excellent tests. All the traction that you see in plants comes from cancer. Every interaction at our grid lines and plants as food sources also relates to all the flavors and fragrances that derived from plants. That all comes from chemistry. If you think about plants and pattern interactions and plans, having a proper defined immune system, bad microbes are bad. Pathogens, has to overcome plant defense. Plants, on the other hand, have a very strong recognition system as they recognize gravity. They can also recognize a good versus bad pathogen. Good versus bad. Microbes have recognition and responses which are very well-defined. It's kind of given in terms of how plants can recognize and respond to a good micro versus a bad idea. That's what overall, if you look into overall topology, there are only four to 5% of microbes that in fact plants, all the 95% of microbes that are sitting in soy or they're all on the canopy. We don't know the functions of devils. So that's a very important aspect. And understanding plant immune response is not very easy and builds of all the segments. I often give an example of a subway map in Tokyo. Tried to relate how complex signaling is in plants. It's not an easy thing to understand how signaling works structurally related to plant immune response, let alone if you start changing fundamental aspects such as gravity. So what do we know? So I've been here 18 years at UD trying to understand this plant micro-interactions. So I'll probably show you in two slides, kind of a prefix of what we have done in eight years. Just kinda short selling ourselves, or that's what we do. So in nutshell, what we do in our lab, we tried to work on good microbes. The good microbes which protects plants. And the relation of that also comes for good fine to do work with gravity. So these are the good microbes that you see on plant roots surface here in green are the good ones which protects the plants by providing the sheep. And they induce other kinds of signaling to protect plants from bad pathogen. That relations. And we've done a lot of work in trying to understand this interaction of plants with good microbes. How plants actually recruit good microbes to protect themselves for their own benefit. And we've been doing lots of work. Sorry, in relation to understanding plants. When plants associated with good microbes that protect themselves against bad ones, they protect themselves against bad ones. And that relation comes to when we're trying to understand stalemate. So this is physics department. Obviously, you would not have an understanding of what a stoma is. For everyone to understand still makes plants are photoautotrophic, meaning they use light, go through photosynthesis. And majority of photosynthesis actually happens through the presence of these openings on leaf surface. These openings result in, in gases exchanges and all different kind of water loss. So I compare stele base as breathing and sweat pores and plants. If you look into it, these are the stomata that you see on leaf surface. Every plant species that you will see outside will have different stomatal density, number of stone make these breathing pores on lease would be different. If you compare tomato, strawberry, you made it to an oak tree. And they have different requirements in terms of transportation, meaning how much water they take and how much water gets lost. So these are kind of necessary evil for plants. Plants need them to go through water transport, gases exchange, but they're also openings for pathogens to enter. So these are kind of natural entry points. A lot of pathogens, bad microbes to enter three. So here is an example of bad microbes which you stomates are those breathing pores sites of entry. This is one of the stomates you can see right here. And these green or bad microbes are pathogens and they will enter one by one. You can see here there's an open opening stomas. So you can see that enter. So they only enter, but they can keep the stomates open. The first response of plan, if you are an NGO plan in your house or greenhouse and you go and touch the leaf of a plant. The first response of plants is to close the stomata. That's there. It's almost like you close your eyes and you see any kind of obstruction. Same thing with plants. So these are very, a very dynamic organs in plants. But some of the pathogens have learned to keep it open, enter and cause disease. This is more so in case of plasmids are considered a staple food or to be grown in space stations. This an actual real sounds or is it just know it's a real we can sorry. Yeah. Yeah. So what we have done is we have taken, we have inoculated lettuce plants, but this particular pattern, this pattern song, labeled with fluorescent protein. And you can do real-time confocal imaging to look at. No, that's not an animation. Now that's a real movie or on the lab actually as part of the nightclubs. Yeah. So over time, we have also seen that if you use good microbes, they can help plants against bad microbes. Remember that these are breathing pores. They open and close as plants are doing gases exchange, or they're perceiving light. But a good microbe can close these stalemates, which is often utilized by bad microbes to enter and cause disease. So we do lot of interaction based study. And the reason I'm emphasizing this, this comes into play when you're doing microgravity experiments. In terms of the roots. Since gravity, there is a lot of changes which happened at the above ground level meeting at the leaf level and plants are experiencing microgravity conditions or altered gravity conditions. So that's what we did for last several years to show that good microbes can protect plants, they will close still makes it rather be opened by bad microbes cause disease. So what's the timescale would say Close and this has done a tree our time point. So when you inoculate or says, when you look at the first response, this has been in 3 h 3 h 3 h hours. 3 h, yeah. 3 h of time period, yes. So this is an open stoma, closed within 3 h. That kind of leads to a transition of why is it important? So I gave you a prefix about doing this work related to still make somebody's breathing pores. And that relates to food safety. If you're comparing plants and their interaction with pathogens which are not met, then we are actually looking into the concepts of everything which is considered or eat and draw all the spinach, all the micro greens, all the letters that we eat and we like in our salad, or prone to being infected and in grasped by some of these bad. This is an example of what happens when we see all those outbreaks. This is Salmonella enterica, which causes really bad problems for humans. And you're seeing them on lettuce. So if a farmer has used water from livestock and livestock contamination, that's what happens. If they are using that water or livestock or close to plan most of your rod produce, they grow very close to the soil. They had very easily contaminated board and the pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions. So our died as such now because they are moving forward towards clean food and so on. You can use more and more consuming rough. And that's what is shown in terms of what we eat actually. And this is a preferred plan even for space to space explanations, because it's easy to grow. And leafy greens are more and more becoming law that a lot of issues if you go to the VA or CDC that site, almost on a daily basis, you will hear outbreaks. Almost, almost half a foodborne illnesses comes from leafy green consumption. Half of 46% of illness comes to that. So it's a real issue in terms of how to reduce this particular problem. This could be multi-factorial if you're talking about space expeditions, trying to grow plants, if there is a contamination, there will be a problem. The biggest problem comes from this particular bacteria, which also is a very bad human pathogen, Salmonella enterica, and it causes maximum hospitalization during outbreaks. So it's a bad, bad issue, a big problem for all the raw or leafy greens that we consume. And it's an effective cross kingdom pathogen. It can in fact multiple things. It doesn't in fact plans, but it can sit in plants. Plans being used in a vector. They can sit in plants or days altogether what was weak? And if you consume that, particularly figuring within that time-frame, you will fall, then they would have found the right host. So it's across kingdom pattern, which is really a big problem for all of us here. Remember I've introduced tomato or those breathing forced to you. So we use that as a bundle in the lab to understand the overall interaction. So what we do is we grow plants, be actually look at stalemates either to transmission electron microscopy or scanning electron micrographs, or do confocal imaging to look at these breathing pores, whether they're open or closed. The idea is to see how big are the poachers when they're interacting with these new pathogens or in plants are growing under gravity. So this is kind of a graph which basically throws you off. But what I'm trying to tell you is he focused on the maroon bars here. The maroon bars are the plants or the lettuce plants which are treated with salmonella, just follow the maroon bars. And these are the plants which are acting blue bars show the controls. So they're open wide and happy and they're open. They're not close. The first response of a planet, as I said, if you touch it, they will close the opening pores. But when you add this particular bacteria, Salmonella, it doesn't close. It indicated that this bacteria not only can use plants to cause infection or crop contamination, but it can keep the stomates open. On the contrary of being closed because they'll close by just using their own maintenance bonds. So that was a cool thing that we discovered that some bacteria, unlike plant pathogens, some of the human pathogens can keep the stomates open to cause more contamination. So that was one of our first thing that we figured it out and last few years. But in terms of microgravity and grow up in microgravity for different living things, including bacteria. This is, this has been worked out well in terms of the role of microgravity for microbes, mainly bacteria. Bacteria can, they can tolerate huge alterations of modulation of gravity. And it's been shown that altered gravity induces more bacterial motility, mainly patterns. So if you are, if you're going at 20 g of 40 GI, bacteria actually are movable type. Plants would need very less alteration compared to microbes. Mainly, it's been shown that bacteria not only moves better under altered gravity. But also causes infection bat around the rod, gravity. That's been shown. This is through the work which nasa funded. And they have also shown that salmonella, which is the bacteria which were talking about, becomes more virulent when it's exposed to grab all the gravity. So somehow their virulence genes, the genes which are involved in effectively becomes more prominent, more pronounced during altered gravity conditions. And they also showed that majority of spacecrafts have already contaminated it. But this is a word done where they kind of looked into all kinds of microbes and spacecrafts. And they already found that there are biosafety level two bacteria and pathogens, which are only been found in some of these spacecraft. So there is already a human footprint which is leading to these microbes present in spacecraft. So there's already a problem of things like you can see, there's also salmonella there. Lot of salmonella in different flights. You can see that. And step on aureus staphylococcus, which is also a big problem. So these are classical human pathogen. It's, it's given that because of human presence at times, you do see these contaminations going forward. The microbes can actually interface or tolerate high altered gravity. Plants, on the other hand, they gets thrown off by even a small switches gravity. If you change gravity, even if you go from one G2, G2 for G, plants are thrown out because they can easily sense gravity by virtue of having this starch granules of the roots. The starch granules kind of shift when the plants actually start sensing gravity. So this plant, which is exposed to altered gravity, the roots are growing everywhere because they're just confused. They just don't know where the gravity lies because people are either putting them in climate stats. They're rotating the plates every which are these plants are absolutely confused about gravity. They just don't know which, where the gravity lies and the roots are growing everywhere. That primarily, there's lots of work done on driving sensing groups in terms of their positively grabbed tropics so they can identify gravity line pretty easily. So there's lot of work done on plant roots, baby Plants exposure to microgravity. So obviously you can on Earth, you can easily increase the graph. Yes, but you didn't talk a lot about microgravity that can hold for a long time. Yeah. So we talked to you when you go do experiments, you have spirits where you increase gravity in the lab here on Earth. When you get a chance to run something in space, you extrapolate between the two. Yeah. Yeah. Right. So that's the idea. Yeah, that's the idea. So I'll show you some examples in terms of our homemade climate stats. But we did where we do to two-dimensional modulation of gravity. We don't do a three-dimensional gravity. Planets. We don't have access to a three-dimensional planet stats. But I can show you something which is good enough to confuse plants. So as I said, you know, working on leafy greens, these are the preferred plans for space exploration. Nasa is already doing it. They're already growing microgreens. The last vegetable mission, the veggie mission, they already took hydroponics up there and you would have seen pretty pictures. So astronauts eating it. So they'll already consuming raw flaps over there. And that's the idea which they want to basically do it explicitly in that even in the moon expedition that they're targeting next. So they have an idea of using leafy greens and which we think is going to be a big problem if we don't solve the issue which we are targeting right now. So our hypothesis is that there is a baseline model movement not only from the roots, but group shoots also may change, show physiological changes. And plants are actually exposed to gravity, are exposed to microgravity changes. And we know that, that relates to their overall innate defense response. Innate defense can change when plants are actually going through, especially in relation to people. Because that's what we foresee that if there is a food outbreak, it's going to come from Cuban bathroom. Not planned path. These alterations can basically change how we understand human bathroom interactions. So it was a very simple experiment that we did in the lab where we would either take a human bathroom or not. We'd have different rotational speed to expose plants due to gravity or duration of measuring stomatal width was very quick within zero to 9 h of exposure, either microgravity or human biases? No, actually, the majority of these experiments which I'm going to show you a very preliminary, are still very cool in terms of what we're trying to figure out. Just to kind of provide simplicity. He grows everything in these artificial conditions as what astronauts are trying to grow in hydroponics, very artificial but mutant media. And so these are microgreens, let us and spinach grown in Petri dishes. You grow them, you expose them to a pathogen. You either rotate or you don't repay. You don't rotate or rotate. You basically look at leaves, not routes. And look at leaves or stomatal, those breathing pores. And the passengers are more or less in terms of their increasing width or not, they're going inside or not. Then what nowhere does is basically he takes those leaves. He isolates that bacteria and counts how many bacteria are there, partly how many have been grasp on that. And then he actually inoculates the plants. But these leaf brush technique, where he will just grow them in a very teeny tiny plates. You will use this very thin brush, inoculate the patterns, and look at the survival rates in that nine hour timeframe that I talked about. And then he would It's multifactorial. It soon becomes out of control in terms of number of plants that you take, number of stomates that you count. It's a nightmare in terms of because you know, you're talking about thousands of stomata on the leaf surface. So that's what it does in terms of either rotating with or without path and looking at the stomatal width. So he does the model imaging where he will take the samples, take it to a scope, and start looking at the width here. And an example of that is shown right here. You can see that he has stain the schoolmates here. These two kidney bean shaped structures that you would see with or without rotation of it there without pathogen. And the green that you see here are pathogens now, which kinda very nicely circulates around an open scale. So they are always looking for an open stomata and keep it open. This is kind of a real-time movie of the same thing. This is an open scope and in green as you see Salmonella. So there are, there are entering the open stomata right here. So that's the cool part. Which node has developed a took long time for us to develop the system. And the setup that he uses is so that's the client a star. You can see that he does. This is a two-dimensional rotation. We are not doing the three-dimensional rotation here. And we all, he also grows them in the same setup, but with the adequate amount of light that plants need to grow, photosynthesize. So he has provided LEDs right here so that they can grow and the system becomes self-reliant in terms of growing plants. So this is kind of, on the contrary, what folks at nasa, they are there, they have, they're better equipped that you use a three-dimensional kind of staff, which is much more effective as world-class experience in space stations. So this is the setup in terms of how we grow plants. Obviously he brings a pathogen that we quantify pathogen in terms of how they are exposed with gravity, a lot of gravity or not. And then we look at number of paths underlying restaurant. So this is one data which I wanted to show without any rotation. So this, the only difference you see in between blue and maroon graphs are plants which are written without passion. And all we're measuring is the opening of that torture. So as you see, this is zero RPM, both are zero RP, but they are written without passing. Bar is completely unchanged. Because plants are happy, they're light adapted. They keep their stomachs open. Transparent, exchanging gases. But with pathogen at terrestrial or zero RPM, no change in gravity. You see that they are trying to show some immune response because of the presence of that pathogen, but yet they're not actually be able to close it completely. This is something which we have seen it in the past, where salmonella, this particular bacteria can override London defense response. This is what plant will experience without any change in gravity. But when you start altering gravity, you try to draw plants. The first time somebody is actually looking at the above-ground physiology and plasmids were exposed to auto gravity. Now that blue bar, which was right here at zero RPM, is showing physiological stress and plants. So even without a pathogen, plants are actually showing physiological stress. But with pathogen, this is the most interesting trend, lutea, which we have seen, that plants are actually more susceptible by the bacteria to keep their stomates are wide open. So with the bacteria, you are seeing much more suppression of plant defense to keep the stomates open. Which was again more in case of poor rpm. So even you are rotating at two RPM or four. I'll get right to the results for G. Plants are thrown off completely in terms of their changing physiological response that they can see. So this is something which was very remarkable for us to basically see that not only you see a physiological change in order gravity and double ground level. People have documented roofs a lot in last 25 years. But nobody has actually looked at above ground level, which are basically the Consumable level. These are the ones that people are going to eat. And with pathogen and altered gravity, plants are actually keeping their stomates more wide open. So that indicates that there will be more bacteria going in the plants causing food contamination when they're experiencing gravity changes. So this is something which is trying to understand, trying to measure. So this is your, if you look at stalemates, this is your stomata, that's your opening for what no one is trying to create, is trying to make a time-lapse to see under order gravity conditions how big the bacteria goes. Because that will prove that bacteria can have longer residence time in the plasmids are actually having or experiencing altered gravity. So he's trying to create a model where he's trying to look at how far they can go inside. So this is your stomatal depth. You can look at the kidney bean shaped structure here. They can go for end, but how far are they going inside and darker gravity conditions, we'd have no clue that. That's something which we are trying to figure it out in terms of measuring in direction under. This was done at zero RPM right now, but we are trying to do the same thing under audit gravity conditions. So what we know so far is that when you have a pattern, a pattern unusual bacteria, when it actually is associated with plants under altered gravity conditions with zero RPM. The responses that we have seen with pathogen is the immediate closure first. And then reopening of scale makes human passion. Rpm are changing arctic gravity conditions. We see opening, which is similar to what we have seen in zero rpm, which is keeping the stomates open for longer durations. So this is something which we are still working on in terms of, we are still trying to figure it out. If, if luminance factors of these bacteria changes under autocratic conditions, can we recover more bacteria from plants which are experiencing altered gravity conditions? In terms of concluding, though it's very preliminary in terms of what we have found so far, is that we see that plan. Human passions modulates to the model defense, which is much more prominent under other conditions. They somehow override the classical physiological response. We see it sound. An element may override this tomato defense response, and this becomes more prominent under altered gravity. So as I said, it's very a preliminary in terms of what we're finding, but it's very interesting in terms of what the future may hold for this particular direction of research. Because these are preferred food sources for people. For all the explanation that you're going to think about. Growing plants, either growing plants in space independently, because if they're at all contaminated seed level, they will be contaminated over there. Then you will see all these changes that we're already seeing. But our idea is to basically try to understand this more, more at the genetic level two, the plants transcription side, how plants respond to it. And also try to isolate these bacteria from plants which are experiencing altered gravity and try to infect the human host. To see if bacteria has gained more villains. And they were, they were growing in plants which were exposed to more altered gravity conditions. So that i'll, I'll close it and take any questions of the array. Yeah. Sorry. Okay. Thanks. Harsh. So, alright, so there are questions from the eyes. Sorry. Sorry. Go ahead. Readily. Second. The second last few said No. No. This one. This one. This one. Okay. So thinking. Yes, So for RPM is confusing for us to model a purchase are much more, lesser competitor to rpm. So that's why in the model I show it closed. But it's actually more open than zero, but less than the two or can we don t know why? So theoretically we talked that if you keep on increasing altered gravity of people on modulating gravity, the stoma should be black or white or white, but it's definitely not happening. You were seeing them closer to two RPM, but still not as big a portrait as what we saw the QR. So that's why I kind of kept a close though there are still open. So it's a matter of how much a porch or is wide enough. So they were still open but less than two RP currently? Yeah. I did not add that to kind of reduce the biology part of it, but we are doing regular buyer control because we have a bacteria in lab which we characterize, which you can close the stomata. So when you use a regular bike control approach, you can close the stomata that will not allow these Salmonella vendor. Yeah. We have that plan to do. But I just did not include it. Yeah. Yeah. So I'm just a little confused about one aspect of the experiment. So it seems like the whole apparatus is rotated. So especially in the direction of gravity, but not necessarily the magnitude. I don't think so. Yeah. So just changing the direction sufficient to emulate the behavior? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So that's what initially before the clan of stack came into picture, people would grow the plants in Petri dishes. And they will just rotate the Petri dish so that just changing the direction. And that's enough to throw the root zone. That's enough to throw the roots are actually you don't have to do complete wanting to degrees. If you just kinda killed it. They will still try to be confused about where the gravity is. Very quick to find it out if I try an obstruction. So initial experiments, people don't grow plants and they would put a glass rod and between groups will sense it from at least three centimeter away. They will change direction of growth. So they, they are very, very fast learners in terms of how the center gravity. The questions I have a couple of, I'm just confused. I'll be honest with you. So in quote RPMs, but a physicist, we think in terms of g. So this instrument, depending how big it is, certainly RPM alter the gravity is document in Trieste and it says it's changing, but rotation is just the weighted features in it. It changes its angle. I guess I'm confused about whether you're changing gravity or I'm confused about the connection between RPM and I think critically, the venue rotated to rpm. You are I don't know how close we are, but you're experiencing to G. Okay? So, alright, so alright. Alright, well, we can talk about the physics of that. Revolutions per minute, right? Yeah, rotations per minute, I guess. And that just seems really slow. Yeah, but nice to have something very, very big to make a revolution. Because, because, but if you do. So, that's why I showed the initial data. Not from our group, but from what nasa got it In terms of what bacteria can express experienced with the splints to this small rotations or rotations per minute or two words is four. And the climate stab that we have is enough aplastic get confused, but it's not enough for bacteria. They use this instrument that's rotating. This bag? Yes. Okay. So that's I mean, I think that's it's hard to see how to religion and if so, give me your cross as much of it. G is normally by physics, it goes like frequency squared divided by mole times the distance. So I'm going to talk about that a little bit confused. I was confused. When you poke results for zero G, those are things that are done in orbit. Experiments that don't orbit directly involved with those are handy to know what mass has been doing, okay? So that you tried to extrapolate? Yep. So basically, you take their normal GI fall, you can really do trust your lab is increased in DC, right? Yeah. That's what we should do this direct. She has a direction yet because there's no way we could spell. I don't know how the three-dimensional planet stack works, but there are much smaller than what we use. So you can buy the three-dimensional planet status, which are this big. And they can do, I don't know how with them. We put them in orbit and they are yeah. And then they wanted to, they could have centripetal force which trade gravity on and off, on and off. Well, that's obviously one of the great benefits of having a space station. Somebody that you have access to is there, but it's expensive. You tried to do as much as you can't hear the laptop support of the trends or to understand those trends. And all I'm saying is this, that if you see that as you increase gravity, pathogens are able to get it into these stromatolites. It's called tomato. Tomato. More easily. Would there be that say, well they get zero G, They're they're able to defend themselves better. I don't understand how you do the trend. The trend, I guess it also is related to whatever happens when you are not altering anything. In terms of rotations. We already know that some of these human Batson's ingress better because they can keep the still makes open for longer duration. Under higher ground. Under higher gravity, yes. But it's just that we don't know whether there is enough alive bacteria under those conditions. We haven't recovered bacteria from these ordered plants, plants which are exposed to these ordered rotations, I'm not call it gravity, but altered rotations. So that's something which we are looking forward to now trying to understand how this works. It's, it's not an easy experiment to do. Flattened stacks is that there's already an experiment to nasa where they have used the class stack that we're using right now where the nasa grant, which are really a PIs, were using, was used, we're using the same planet step to understand is the instrument and what you do, the growing. Yeah, So I actually had one of the you can see that it's actually not yeah. Right here is the one. Yes. So you can see that? Yeah. Oh, okay. So so that so what you're doing is you're rotating this kind of plate about an axis that's horizontal? Yep. Okay. So if you take a three-dimensional, this is a two-dimensional planets that they call it. If you take a three-dimensional thermostat, it will rotate this way and this way too. So that way you can actually, for our, I think our work, we already know the roots are experiencing something altered. Because Dave, alright, so here's, here's what I eat. Let me see if I understand correctly. By changing by rotating this awfully slow. Yes, it's a triplet before she would have destroyed very, very small because it's permitted per second when you rotate in a centrifuge or something and you separate those that's rotating it, you know, are thousands and thousands. But in this case, all you're doing is changing the direction of gravity constantly. So the plant is sort of on average in zero gravity. Is that a fair way to say it? Yeah, that's the right way to say yeah. Because they're confused and you don't know which way is. Because if you just look at routes from this particular setup, they will not grow downwards. They will grow up what works well, because basically they don't know which way the exchange. So that's why we thought this would be that's the point. Thankfully, that took me awhile. Yeah. That's fine. Okay. So the fact that you're changing this slowly just means that the plant just sees grabbed row in this way per minute. You're right here. And then the average is kinda like, okay, it's almost like it's in space. And that's one way you can unearth, you can emulate that. And I would think if you do it at twice the speed, that it's just averaging over half the time. It takes less time, but it probably doesn't make too much difference what that frequency is, as long as it's not zero, as long as the is armies, the period is longer than the time it takes time to adjust to it. I'm trying to or shorter? Short. Yeah. Okay. That helps me a lot. Thank you. Any further questions? Dan? Dan So you're looking at the 20 to four. This is a great example of organisms also have a time, critical time for them to move. Like stomata take so long to react. And it takes so long. And I could see that if your frequency now becomes greater than the time period, Samantha to react, or the little brains and the groups that detect for them to even realize that it's rotating. Now, you've gone through a, you type too much rope to perfect rotation. A maximum too much. Now they, they lose it. They actually, we're going to talk fast that they can't even think. You're right. So that's why we kind of have to scale back to a point where the physiological effect is different from the microbial effect. That's what we're trying to tease apart. Because this was a new area for us. Because we've been working with still makes no clue how plants would actually respond. So you're absolutely right. The other thing is, this is a huge, huge network of bacteria, bad bacteria, numerous bacteria. Now everything's working together and you're trying to tease out which is going to win the race. It's, it's not easy. It's, it's difficult. But when we presented this work as part on mass or grant, the nasa, because they are actually viewed, know that there are also working on this. So they are more interested to look at seeds which are getting transported to Space Station. Astronauts grow them in the similar setup. And they were concerned that sees me carry some of these books that we're already talking about. I'm here. Yeah, yeah. Stan didn't like the generationally salmonella bacteria. So we haven't had, so we call them recovering the live bacteria. So we do it two ways. We can take the leaves, which are the deaf timeframe of zero to 9 h. And we can look for virulence genes by doing transcriptional assays or we can recover the light bacteria. Those are something which we wanted to do that It's probably interesting time. I know with some plants, the chromosome periods are much greater than ours. And they activate certain chromosomes under certain conditions and proceed placebos. And they'll produce offsprings that are more desert adapted. On the next-generation grown. See now that I've grown plants all the way up to the seeds and plant the seeds to see out of April. So that's more like a transgenerational response yet. But for this, I know you're just at the first. Yeah. It's not a bigger set. If I was going to Mars. Yeah, that's all right. I would say that's a great point. Where do my scenes that might seem great point. People have done transition, transient, response or pattern stress, whatever oppressive conditions. So they exposed seats, collect seeds from that exposed seeds. And they are more prion capacity. They are resistant to the next iteration and so on. Because you're naturally selecting for passive stress. Nobody has an experiment where you will be naturally selected for all to gravity. But that's a great point. But unfortunately we are unsettled to do that because you need bigger planets. That's from the goal from CDC. Awesome, great point. Yes. So yes, it's made me focus on weak acid like sushi greens. By not just because they are easy to grow. Potatoes and carrots, very high staple crops there other questions. So yeah. All that concept both what you saw in Martian Craft? Yeah. Yeah. The whole parcel said spotless to a very bad like your point. Leafy greens up because they're trying to consume more raw leafy greens, microgreens to that point, it's much more preferred. But they have, they are brave enough to target crops like tomatoes. Yeah. It happens. So yeah. I think one of those children yeah. Yeah. Sure. The meeting because they're all grown and had to take seats. They grow them in these Control Space Station said, Yeah. But my point is tomato or leafy green. They are both prone at the same level that these guys, these I guess is there like a response from plants when they know that tomato? Is there any other meds? Visible outside of us. Yeah. They're finding out that salmonella. Yes, Sue sue, you're often told to wash your greens. But if they were exposed to Holman, any of these guys, there's no point in Washington because they're already dressed. So unfortunate thing with human pathogen traction is none of the leafy greens will show symptoms. Unlike upon past, which will show wilting or fluorosis, lack of chlorophyll and so on. With human passions, unfortunately, there's no getting away. There's no way to find that. And even in postharvest, the sachets that you buy from grocery stores. Or, you know, there's no way to find out that there is solid. So what about remediation to get rid of it? Yes, it would. That produces nutritional. The plaintiffs, they have tried radiation. They have tried bleach. But you don't want it to be eating beet salad. Hello, standing. Well, I think I understand what Stan. Understand. Thank you. I guess you're talking about very gravity that I just thought it was like a centrifuge. No, no, no. You agree is altering as the one direction like as long as the frequency. This is a shorter or higher than the transport time for it to recognize you the direction you're going to average out. And this is the way on earth that you can sort of simulate the effects of gravity by changing its direction. That's enough. A Platts, yeah, because they don't know which way is the how that's the that's the key. Okay, well that's very interesting and I think it'd be interesting to see how this progresses in terms of space research versus Plant Soil Science that you can work on. And I think it's great that made the effort to Take pity on us who are physicists today. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Hello. Understand. The questions are what you do you have any questions? I do. I'd like to ask you a question. He's trying to say something and you try to say something just a second. Okay. Oh, can you hear me? I can do mine secondary trying to figure out how to get the sound. I can. Can you hear me? Okay, here we go. I think my screen. Okay. Can you hear you hear me? Okay. We can now. Okay. I wanted to ask harsh about the picture you have in a side number 37 that shows the rotating rotating instrument, right? What what determines the color of the light that they use? It looks pinkish or purplish. Well, what's the deal with that? Okay. Yeah. Let me do you turned out okay. Just like that. Yeah. Okay. Slide number 37. Hello. Can you hear me? Hello. Hello. Hello. Yeah, I can hear you. Okay. I wanted to ask why is there light in slide number 37? Yeah. And the rotating instrument there, it looks like the light is a pinkish or purplish color. But why is that? We've just used the regular LEDs dermatome. The strip of regular LEDs which people have used and indoor cultivation of plants. And they're comparable in terms of the amount of light intensity people used to grow plants outside. I guess. It's because there's a mixture of some of the light is at 0.4 microns and someone's at 0.7 microns. I don't have the specifics, but I can find it out for you and let you know. I just don't know the specifics. Okay. Thank you, guys. Thank you. I'll let you know the specifics do have it. I don't know what how much they are in terms of overall intensity and microns. I'll let you know. Okay? And the wavelength. Yeah, I'll let you know for sure. All right. Well, thank you. It was good to see you. Nice to see you again. Yeah, Take care. Hey, look forward to seeing you back at the opposite. Worked on it, let us know. Okay. I'm going to sign off now. And I'm going to stop the recording.

Astroseminar 15Nov22 - Harsh Bias

From Stanley Owocki November 15, 2022

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Zoom Recording ID: 7874089078 UUID: adbUs/BLR4efgCKb2iHw2g== Meeting Time: 2022-11-15 08:52:03pm

Tags: astronomyastrophysicsspaceflight

Department Name: Physics and Astronomy
Department Division: Product
Date Established: November 16, 2022
Appears In: Astroseminar

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