Hi. Hello. Hi, Greg. Question. I assume that was done, but she's not here and that's my concern. I'm not sure. I assume that was just done by someone in a DBA? I would've thought so also, if not, I would imagine center self-generated it because usually it's bigger and bigger, so that should probably be some separately. Also, I started automatically recorded. Do you usually record? I don't know, but I can certainly record. I got a notification that it did that it did start recording. I think you can just share your screen. Yes. Let me go ahead and share this. Works. Can you see my screen? Yes. Excellent. Great. Pleasure to introduce. Anna. She is a senior scientist and handles that applied physics in superconducting technology division formula. Here research focuses on superconducting radio-frequency Carnegie. This work included discovering novel ways to dramatically increase the efficiency of SRF resonators. And those efforts result the numerous distinction. Should we see if the word in 2017 that early early career awards was engineered by President Barack Obama. In 2019, she becomes a generated shifted most of us in the formula. So the extremely happy that you are going to give us a colloquium today. So welcome. Thank you. Thank you for the invitation. So I was asked to talk about this new exciting initiative which is called superconducting quantum materials and System Center, which is our one of the five newly awarded centers under the National Quantum DOE, National Quantum Initiative. So I will be telling you a little bit. So this is the center that was what led and base the Fermilab. So I will tell you a little bit about what we said that we will do and who the partners are and our ultimate goal. So we just essentially started just less than a few weeks ago. So I will introduce Autodesk and must partnership with our scientific and technological goals are. And what are the facilities and expertise that we leverage with this new collaboration and what our milestones and timeline and roadmap is for the center. First of all, for those that are not familiar. So what is the framework of this or the National Quantum Initiative give in 2019, congress mandated the creation of five Department of Energy National Quantum centers is a 625 million. Over five years. These funds go towards developing quantum computers, Quantum centers, and quantum communication. And the goal is to bring transformational advances in quantum science and technology. So five centers have been awarded at the end of August officially. And they will they are awarded for five years or so. Our center is awarded for five years for a total of 120 million over the five years. So this is just an introduction on a study that is done by the Boston Consulting Group that kind of motivates why there is so much emphasis lately on investing in and boosting the advancement in quantum technologies. So you can see here what's called the nice era and then other areas defined as quantum advantage and then full-scale fun, fault tolerant quantum computing. And so here, Bolsa Consulting Group study shows what are the technical achievement that will enable a transition from one area to another. Examples of business impact and also you can see monetary impact of these different, these different areas of quantum. And really what this DOE and QI centers are meant to do is to accelerate this timeline. So we saw recently the, the, the paper from John Martinez group at Google declaring them, we are entering the quantum supremacy era. Meaning that a quantum computer as perform the calculation that could not, the app that cannot be done on a classical computer order will be done in much slower on a classical computer. But what we really want to do is go towards the quantum advantage era where we can show really practical impact of this. Quantum computers are quantum sensors. And, and what the DOE centers really want to do is bring together all the key stakeholders, from academia to industry, to national laboratories. And really also the other thing that Dewey has emphasizes, the those centers need to really be multidisciplinary efforts. And that's really an important key because we are grouping all the different experts in the different disciplines that are key to advance quantum computing, quantum sensing. So we'll talk, we'll touch upon that. So this slide is just to remind people what about quantum computing, the base idea. So i'll, I'll start by mentioning now that one of the things that we said that we will do with our center, with the superconducting quantum materials and System Center is actually to build a quantum computer prototype. Here at Fermilab. We have said that by year 3 will have a first prototype. And we have shown some metrics that will show later. And then we'll have a quantum computer prototype by year five also. So basic idea to build a is to build a computer which uses qubits instead of bits. So utilizing very special quantum mechanic principle. So to state of the quantum system theorem, one can be prepared in any superposition and also utilizes the principle of entanglement between the. So, using this very special properties of superposition and entanglement, a quantum computer can provide potentially computational capacity for dramatic speedups. In several I impact areas, such as, for example, finding large prime numbers, multipliers, database searches, simulating and predicting molecules behave and interaction modelling of financial market simulating particle collisions. So there are some applications are clearly envision than some there are more speculative, but that's also part of what dissenters we'll do is kinda work hand-in-hand technology expert to building more advanced hardware with the experts from different fields, from. Physics of course, being that this, our centers based the formula bar, primary mission will be steel to advanced particle physics and to see if such a machine could present really potentially advantages for the things that we do. But also we'll have experts from a variety of different fields. I mean, we have Lockheed Martin, we're Goldman Sachs. So we have from finance, we have also people from condensed matter, so from Ames Laboratory and from various universities. So what are the challenges of building a quantum computer? You need a cubit. They can manipulate and not confused with other possible states of the system and maintain what's called quantum coherence. So this superposition state has to be maintained long enough to perform a large number of gate operation. So this is really the key and what's really is at the heart of our center. So we said when we put together the proposal that the main point that we will attack is quantum coherence. And we will talk a little more about this. But in general, there are several example cubits, a photon. So in superposition of two polarization of time beans, electron spins, nuclear spins, atomic spin, eigenstate, ground state, and excited state of a non-linear oscillator. We will also use. And this is one of the kind of key technologies that is the foundation of our centered SRF cavities. So those are superconducting radio-frequency cavities that we wear, wear that our bread and butter to build particle accelerators. But turns out they can be really key elements and building blocks for a quantum computer. And the thing that is really the, the, the important parameter that we bang on is that the superconducting cavities that we develope and we've developed over the years. Here in house at Fermilab, have lifetimes of the order of seconds. And what a recently demonstrated here is the actual, the quantum regime. We're able to do that. And so this makes these cavities then the best memories ever demonstrated, but potentially the positions them to be very important key building blocks for quantum computing architecture based on superconducting cubits. So we will go a little more in detail on that. But first I wanted to tell you to relate what actually our mission statement is, which is being in the power of DOE laboratories within academia and other federal entities to achieve transformation advances in the major cross-cutting challenge of understanding and eliminating decoherence mechanisms in superconducting 2D and 3D devices. With the final goal of enabling construction and deployment superior quantum system for both computing and sensing. Here you can see the different partners. So Fermilab is the lead institution on decenter. Our main industry partner is actually regarding computing. They are quite large startup in California, in Silicon Valley, they actually build paddy and deploys and quantum processors. They have 30 plus cubits operate and various processor operational. And actually, some of you may know that you can actually book reserve time on their processors to actually perform simulations or calculations. So to get it will be kind of a primer, primary industry partner bringing their expertise to build stack, essentially quantum computer starting from the cubits all the way into getting to a processor. Nasa Ames Research Center. They, they, they also bring their expertise in quantum computing, especially in algorithms. Ames Lab, National Laboratory in Iowa, expert in material science. And so they'll bring their unique facilities and expertise, their northwestern University, a variety of other universities. We have also nice then as I mentioned, Goldman Sachs. So you can see really brings together a lot of different aspects from industry to academia to national laboratories. So this is just a map that shows geographically distributed. We're not going to have time to go through what everybody is doing. But here we were trying to capture the glands. What is the primary role of each of the different institutions? And we're already about a 130 collaborators. So at the time of the proposal, the proposal was submitted, we were about 80 principal investigators. And then by the time now that funds stops flowing from formula to the different partners, we start to onboard essentially more students post-docs. So we envision that this collaboration will be actually larger than 200, than 200 people. This just shows you the core management of this collaboration is, so this is me, this is on the center director. Professor Jim sounds from Northwestern University is my Deputy Director. And then we have four chiefs broadly cover all the different disciplines. I would say that the different aspects that are key so from technology, engineering and science. So we have an arrival from nasa, Ames, MAP-kinase from Ames Laboratory and our Chief Technology Officer from Getty. Our chief theorist is actually on Hawaii, is the quantum theory group leader Fermilab Ronnie harmonic. And then we have three thrust leaders. And our main thrusts are technology science. And ecosystem. So I will skip through this. For those who are curious, you can go on our CMS website and you can see some faces, maybe familiars, we're organized interests and then each trustee's organizing what we call focus areas, which are materials, devices, integrations. And then we have the more scientific part is quantum physics and sensing, and then algorithms, simulations and benchmarking. And then also the eco system takes care of looking at what can we do for the broader QAS ecosystem, what the broadcast ecosystem can do for the center. So DOE will be paying particular attention to data, how well we are integrated with the other centers and how well we can do our integrated with the rest of the Qajar ecosystem and activities in the nation. All right, so moving on to the scientific and technological goals of the center. So I actually use some slides just to even show you how the selections were done. It was a very lengthy selection where first we add three proposals than there was full proposal. And then as we were moving through the stages to towards the finalists, We were five finalists for five spots, but we didn't know they would award five. They could have awarded three to five the set. So in the final stage was actually interviews with DOE where they were asking us really these questions that you see on the slides that helped me tell you what this center is about, but also helps you see what DOE will actually really focus on in the advancement of dissenters. So the first question we were asked was how our provost effort fits in the national and global context. So curious research and what is the impact of our proposed effort on the competitiveness of the US in QAS from both R and D and economic standpoint. So we listed the four main areas where we think we will competitive and advance the fundamental USCIS. And so the first one is QB technology. So there we want to demonstrate the highest coherent superconducting cubits and both 3D and 2D. So the center focuses exclusively on superconducting cubits architectures, scale up integration capabilities and plan or show some of that we want to build, as I mentioned at the onset of the act quantum computer prototype. And then we think we are also quite unique in the science and application drivers. We have the in-house most challenging HEP physics problems which can drive the technological needs, but also can immediately benefit from unique technological advancements. And the QoS ecosystem plants, as I mentioned also, the unique technologies and facilities that we develop will serve as national resources for the Qajar community. We have a kind of final deliverable of opening up these facilities potentially as user facilities. These are the center truss and different focus area that I mentioned before. Materials, Devices, physics and sensing, and then algorithms, simulations and benchmarking. So on the cubic technology. So there are several different platforms for an architecture for, for, for, for cubits. We focus exclusively on the superconducting cubits architectures. This is for several reasons. First of all, we really believe that the US is currently in a leading position onto systems based on superconducting microwave technologies. However, to realize these technologies at the full potential. So even though they have the most mature, they're still in infancy. So and to realize these technologies a full potential, substantial efforts must still be devoted to enable orders of mind-reading device performance improvement. And we think that our partnerships, so Fermilab and the partners, are very well positioned to take these technologies to the next step. So this here I add an extract from an article from Forbes, QB technology overview. And so IBM, google, intel, they ALL IN Getty, they all have used their, their banging on these particular superconducting cubits. Their advantages and there are also some disadvantages. There are quoted for example. So they have the most mature. That means we know what improvements are required even though we may not yet know how to do it. So it's, the field is still open for research and, and, and potentially dramatic improvements. So here there are some of the few disadvantages that are quoted. For example, they, they require near absolute 0 temperature to operate. So, but we think that this is something that we can advance substantially. We have in our cryogenic expertise the very susceptible to quantum noise. But I'll show you that part of the thing that we will do is integration of trans man cubits in our 3D resonators. They retain quantum states for short periods. As I said, this is really at the core of what we want to advance, that the coherence that we already possess are the devices that we already possess in house at Fermilab, an aggregate is actually world-leading. And by integrating those two, actually, we will have potentially the best cubits ever demonstrated. Limited gate connectivity to cubits. But some of the 3D architectures that we will pursue has this all-to-all connectivity. Actual potential big advantage. Okay, So some basic to remind everyone, superconducting cubits have two main components. So there is, one component is what's called the transient cubit, which essentially is an LC circuit with a Josephson junction. And another key component is the resonators. And so in the 2D architecture we call 2D. And so what Google is using and what we get is using IBM, everything is on a chip. So that means the, both the trans one is 2D and, and the resonators 2D. But other architecture actually envision embedding the transplant cubed, which is always needed into a 3D resonator. So, so you can, you can have something like this or you can have something like this. So this is an example of a Yale aluminum cavity, and this is an example of a 3D SRF cavities from Fermilab are made of niobium. So what I'm showing here is also some key quantity. So the quality factor, the coherence of the structure. So how long, so the computation ultimately will be, how long the photon leaves in these structures. And so the lifetime of this photon, this structure will determine how many, how many calculations are many computation smoother in a simplistic way my quantum computer can do before I have an error. And so that's a key quantity and this is currently in the, in the state-of-the-art for 2D. We are in the order of microseconds. For 3D, we are in the order of fraction of a millisecond. And then for three decades we have demonstrated for 3D empty cavity. We have demonstrated the reason the Fermilab actually two seconds and so that's potentially transformational. So our center by improving the coherence of both key components in the system combined can bring transmission advances in the fundamental building blocks, leading to quantum computing scalability and quantum, also quantum sensing show you later potential for discovery. So what is that we have demonstrated as a foundation year, Fermilab. So as I mentioned, these cards have been used for accelerators for many years, but they're very potentially important as a show the building blocks for the superconducting architecture for quantum computing. And so the first thing that we needed to do was, let's go. So index a regime, you have ten to the 24 photons inside the structures, but in Quantum you have to have a single photon inside this section. So let's take these structures for the first time into the quantum regime. So we purchase dilution fridges. We started to dial down the power that it was in the structure all the way to go into really photon counts. And what you see here is a plot of the photon lifetime inside this structure as a function of temperature. So actually this is going towards called the temperatures. So the state of the Qajar, state of the art as a show or legacy was here. And then, as we did this for the first time is the blue here. We showed that already we had a very good improvement campaign to the signal that by simply taking the, the structures with the state of the art, the surface treatments that we typically employ for particle accelerators, which are quite sophisticated. Sequence of chemical steps and the furnace steps and a lot of other things. Then what we did was we did. But still we saw that interestingly, there was this very interesting degradation of the quality factor going to towards lower temperature, which is almost counter-intuitive. So you're lowering the temperature and your quality factor is getting worse. So at this point, so going from temperature where you're from four Kelvin down to one Kelvin, it's understood that your quality fact that will improve because those are, those are quasi-particles. Niobium, niobium resonator Niobe missed a critical temperature, nine Kelvin. So a septum point, you're suppressing all the residual non paired electrons. And then at that point, you know, you have your top quality factor that you can achieve that's dominated by residual resistance. That's a different mechanism without going into much detail there. But then what is almost got was, I mean, it wasn't fully surprising because two level system losses were known to exist in the quantum world. But it was really a clear demonstration that we could see in a very simple system. Clear system. This is a niobium cavity where all you have is a niobium. So what you see zoom here is a niobium pentoxide, five nanometers, and then the bulk niobium underneath. So what we really observed was this degradation, substantial degradation of the quality factor. And then, so what we actually did was we studied these four different treatments for different surface treatment and after, and what we found is that the only thing that really improve then did and gave this dramatic improvement to cause here to two seconds restaurant from milliseconds, we jumped to two seconds of coherence, which is a world record in, in, in superconducting architecture in Quantum regime. How did we achieve that? We essentially dissolved the natural pentoxide. So this two level system losses are. Conjectured to be essentially atom, atom. So when you go to very, very low temperature and very, very low quiet status in terms of powers of you could have things like the TLS as a. So there are losses due, for example, two atoms hopping around and things like that. So, so, and this is that those are dielectric losses. So they are present in the oxide. So by dissolved in the oxide, we really observe this dramatic jump. And so this was actually even further confirmation that this TLS losses are really dominated by this dielectric, the presence of dielectrics. And so this is just to give you a flavor of how the center will actually continue to do improvement in terms of devices. So it will be a hand in hand approach of material science. We radiofrequency device performance, and radio-frequency devise new type of processing, new type of treatments. So in terms of chemical steps, in terms of evaporation and K when there is films in, came in case of thermal treatment and so on. So you will all be hand-in-hand. We will try something new. We will verify it from the point of view of RF performance. We will characterize from the point of view material characterization and continue to move forward. This an important foundation, as I said, because now we have these cavities the perform at two seconds in the quantum regime. And so what is the next step? The next step is you need to integrate the transferrin cubit to really create on what, what would be the them 3D cube it architecture with the longest lifetime ever demonstrated. At that point, you have the foundational building block for scaling up and building a quantum computer prototype. And so there were also no good shape because the transplant give me that we need to integrate in five, these resonators actually will come from to get the end, we get the producers among the best and at the forefront of coherence cubits. So what we show here is that they actually are able to produce cubits with up to 400 microseconds of coherence. And so two things here. So when we, so we will pursue both in with the center to the superconductor 2 and 3. This would rent architecture. When we pursue three disregard architecture, we will cherry pick the best Cubans when we, because you just need one to embed with your 3D resonator when, when. But for advancing also 2D, meaning like the putting many of those transforms on a chip. We want to also help in two ways. One is advance the cohesive. So understanding why we are limited to 400 microseconds. Can we push two milliseconds and above? And then also addressing the issue of spread. So what you see here, which is also a limitation for 2D cubits architectures is that not all cubits are created equal. So when they produce a cheap, there is some that will sit microseconds and some hundreds of microseconds. So this is a big these two because they unfortunately they lower performance, drags down everything. And so we want to understand why there is this spread. And so we will be launching this very large kind of material science study where we get u will give us dozens and dozens of characterized cubits and then we'll slice them and we will try to look for correlations of what's causing the bad versus good Cuba to in terms of coherent. And can we pinpoint something in particular? Is it this substrate silicon? Is it to interfaces between. So here you can see a schematic of how this cubits look like. It's a substrate of silicon. And then there are, there is aluminum that is niobium pads. There is the aluminum junction. So there is a lot, There's interfaces, oxides. So we will be looking at all these different things and really try to pinpoint what from a materials standpoint and from a superconductivity standpoint, they may be limiting the performance because if you can actually push even to the architecture to be all one millisecond of above. That will be absolutely transformational. The group a martini is a Google's already demonstrated that they can outperform classical computer by having a chip that runs with an average of something like 2030 microseconds per, per cubic. But if we can push it to milliseconds, that would be absolutely a leap forward. Okay, So I also wanted to show, bringing together all these different institutions. We actually will also be able to do benchmarking. And so understanding the cubit performance by actually doing systematic studies in different dilution refrigerators around the world. Fermilab airy get T at nist. And then also punished we have IF and grants also where they will provide the, their cryostat underground on the kilometer of rock. And that will help us also study things like effect of radiation on this. Because there are some papers that they highlight the potential limitations that could be due to that on the lifetime of the cubit. Okay, so this was just about the QBI technology. And summarizing year, word, longest cadenza served Cafeteria get the transmittance will be for the first time integrated, unprecedented materials science investigation for decoherence causing defects. And towards the understanding and towards the mitigation. Because as we will understand things, we will actually ask rejected to build a new cubits driven with process, new processes driven by the new understanding. So there will be discontinuous kind of feeding into activity, feeding into other activities. Okay. So I wanted to also mention as I mentioned earlier, that not only we want to improve things at the single cubit level, but we actually want to scale up. So we thought that the initiative was too big to stop on the cubit level, but a $120 million is actually possibly and leveraging the existence of a lot of facilities and partners with a lot of expertise and knowledge seems to be, you know, already enough to build some sort of quantum processor prototype. And so here in this table, we have some prototypes, goals, and performance metrics for three year and five years. We will build prototypes with both 2D and 3D architectures. And each will bring their advantages in terms of scalability, but also in terms of, as we mentioned before, all-to-all connectivity or, or various other things that we will mention in a little bit. But you can see here in yellow, we highlight kind of like some of the state-of-the-art of the leading system versus where we will go. And you can see that potentially here, there is orders of magnitude improvement. So why we think that we can do that, as we said, it's abroad, multi-discipline, collaboration, the covers of the key aspects of working in what's called co-design. Rejected routine expertise in building quantum computers, nasa, Ames, Northwestern curious theory, and our Department of Energy National Lab perspective in we have ginormous facilities in terms of large-scale integration. And so what is shown in this picture here is just an example I, I've been showing you so fired that the importance of SRF cavities and our accelerator technologies. But another key foundational expertise, FMLA is actually CloudGenix. So one of the things that we said that we will do is actually build the largest dilution Millie kelvin fridge ever built. So commercial dilution refrigerators, largest ones are pictured here. They are about, I think, half a meter in diameter or so and we are going towards three meter dilution fridge in diameter and like over four meter in height that we will build your firm it up, it will hook up to acquire plant. So not exactly kind of like the most portable quantum computer that you can imagine. But this is sort of, at the moment, we just need to build a one-of-a-kind facility and, and investigate what that facility can do in terms of applications. So this is just some pictures to, you know, we're not new to building large complex acting CloudGenix systems and high-quality factor systems. So this is, for example, excitatory or building for Slack to that actually is kilometres long with the superconducting cavities or with quality factors larger than 310 to ten to Kelvin. So there's a lot of labs, expertise, and facilities that will be critical for the success scalar 3D to as technologists from backend systems, we're counting materials, microwave devices, CloudGenix controls, and so on. And then of course, as I mentioned before, the Getty has expertise in building full-stack quantum computers. So the way to delivering operational use of signs an application drivers. So, so far I've been focusing a lot of computing, but a lot of the building blocks that I've been showing you turns out will be very critical also for what's called quantum sensing. And so for our own beloved science mission of studying the universe and understanding if there are new particles and investigating the nature of dark matter and various other things. So what is c picture? This is, so first of all, as we said earlier, one of the unique things here is that we encompass from technology experts to the science and users. Hep and BS science drivers would provide unique motivation and push for the technological advancement. At the same time we open new opportunities. And so I wanted to give an example here. So this is one of the recent experiments that we have developed a Fermilab to search for dark photons by using a set of cavities. So this is a light shine through Wall experiment where we have one cavity which is powered in the accelerator regime, which means it has 10 to the 20 something photons inside. And then the bottom cavity here is actually in the detector, is the receiver. So this is them. A meter, and this is the receiver cavity. In the receiver cavity we have few photons. So actually let me correct. So the first experiment that we did is done at 1.4 Kelvin, where we still have thousands of photons. But of course, compared to here we have 10 to the 24. So this one compared to this one, is the silent receiver. So in these large shunt wall scheme, simply, this cavity has a lot of photons. If dark photons exist, they will cross walls, cross the walls, and then manifest in, I mean, entered the receiver because they don't, they, they, they, they lose if they don't interact with matter. So taking the photons are confined, but that photons cross the walls. And so as they cross the walls and entered the receiver, then they reconvert into photons a certain fraction of and, and then the photon can be picked up by this receiver. Now, we have performed already a few rounds of this experiment. And actually what you see here is the new limits that we have except we've already pushed the limit of the exclusion band. And if you want of the existence of this dark photons, already substantially orders of magnitude. And that's due to the, to the fact of what? That these structures are actually running a quality factors of ten to the ten to ten to the 11. So extremely, extremely high-quality factor, which means that I can produce a lot of photons here. And also I can receive a lot of photons you because they're not immediately absorbed. And of course, the sophisticated trick of this experiment is also that with this linewidth of sub hertz, I have to put them exactly on the same on the same frequency. And so the results sophisticated kind of real time feed the controls with piezoelectric tuner, resistors and tuners and so on. But so what I want to say is that, so these type of experiments, so what does this have to do with quantum? You're probably wondering, so what does he have to do with quantum that for us, a cavity in the silent mode of a 1000 photon was already kind of a Quantum regime compared to accelerator to begin with. But what we're going to do with this schema center as we move further, push this experiment, this type of experiment, to have this cavity in this, this setup no longer in 1 for calcium, but actually in the middle the Calvin Bridges where this cavity will continue to be a meeting a lot of photons, but this cavity will be in the real silent Quantum regime. And so if there is even one photon you'll be able to see. And so this will allow us to push further the sensitivities, these experiments, orders and orders of magnitude. So this is just an example, but there will be other. So we have formed a collaboration with many top theorists in this field. There will be looking also not only at using a set of characters for dark photons, but also for, for example, axion searches. And we're talking about axial searches with multimode schemes in a moment that the field or in high magnetic field. But again, the big advantage here is really bringing the technology experts in the cavity word. And this is very unique cavities. And in the magnet word we will be building a very powerful magnet that will be embedded in this Millie kelvin fridges. Together with the theories and the experimental is looking for that photons are axons or other elusive particles. Okay, and out the other end in terms of ecosystem plants, we, I think that's kind of merged already from what I've been describing so far. We will be, in our vision, we will be deploying by year five satellites, test beds, from quantum computing, the test beds, to quantum sensors test beds and also materials and cubits characterization test beds. So that we will be opening potentially as user facility. So if someone has a clever idea on how to use these technologies, but a slightly different scheme for search for an axion, whatever. So these platforms could be made available for somebody special new type of experiments. Well, our vision is let's advance as much as possible unique technologies and rehab. You know, application, application physicists and the theories and the users inside the center. But also, let's open it also to the broader community. Eventually. Okay, So what we want to say, Okay, so because we are already 40 minutes in, so maybe we'll have to speed up. So this is what we showed in terms of the quantum computing where we are and where we want to go. Here you have coherence on one axis and here you have number of cubits on, on this axis. So this is really like a simplified way to see that to advance. Enter and going from classical intractable to quantum advantage to fault-tolerant quantum computing. Of course, these lines are somewhat arbitrary defined, but you have two knobs. One is the quality of your building block and one is the quantity. So number cubits, yes, you can scale. If we stay at q bits that are prone to errors and they have the short lifetime than one weapon is. Let's do error correction and let's, let's have millions of cubits. And then we move kinda like along this line. But you can also improve the coherence, as we mentioned earlier. And so you can move along this line. And so, so this, In a nutshell, what I showed you earlier, we can, by doing this big effort in materials and devices, we can kind of go up this and we can go up this way. So, and that will take us into what potentially what's called quantum advantage later with our 2D and 3D quantum computer prototypes. So our physicists in our collaborations from particle theorist to condensed matter theorist have built some sort of roadmap that goes hand in hand what I showed you. So as the technology progresses and offers new, new, new capabilities, what can we study? And so here there is some of the potential applications, you know, for simulating quantum field theories. Ladders assimilation aim towards ambitious science goal. So here's some example for HEP QCD dynamics and some example for condensed matter. And you can see here year three, year five, kinda moving towards the same plot that I showed you, coherence and system size. And what our cost water now is a guess. What these systems can do. But the intent is that by working hand-in-hand in what's called co-design, we will explore much more in depth to what these systems could do for different physics applications. And this is a plot that we tried to put together to summarize the sensing side. So when we put the proposal together than the previous one I showed was for the computing side. This is what the sensing side. So what are the parameters, the batter there that that can take us towards new new unexplored territory. Quality factor, as I mentioned. So picture what I just showed you earlier in terms of these devices in a light shine through all type of experiment. But of course that's not all. I mean, there will be that photon such as oxen searches that matter. Dipole. We're Jerry Gabrielle z from Northwestern. They will do some dipole searches. So and we tried to kind of gather all under an umbrella, even though they're very different physics investigation under an umbrella of what device parameters matter. And so quality factor of the structures that we use for lifetime of the structure, this one axis and then magnetic field on another axis. And so some of these, such as I showed you earlier, are actually almost 0 magnetic field. So and they bang all on the quality factors are destruction. So this is potentially where we, so state-of-the-art is and where we can go. So and you can see there is we have a discovery potential and then even exploring the unknown regions. But some experiments will, what, it will be a compromise between what quality factor can be achieved with this, for example, with these cavities in very large magnetic fields. So the superconductors are not very friendly to Tesla fields. But we think we have the right weapons in-house actually, to also progress in that direction. Because while niobium certainly does dislikes the Tesla field, the new materials that we're also investigating such as niobium 13 and other, other type two superconductors that we are currently making with very unique facilities In, in form of films deposited on the structures that can survive in Tesla fields. And that's part of what we are already have ongoing doing first measurements of these structures with these advanced materials in Tesla fields to see can we achieve like ten to the six or even 10 to the 8, ten to the nine. We don't know. That's actually an open question about that could be transformational for a lot of different applications. Okay, So these are now the question that was asking us, what would you be doing that can that can not be done elsewhere, and I think partially answered that. But I wanted to also show these 3D approach so far have been telling you about the 3D approach. But what is the, the, the unique benefits of this word vasco Edens and this 3D architecture. So the long and so while. Yes, the tradesmen cubit of course, plays a major role of encoding the quantum states in to the architecture. In 3D architecture. That can be true too. But what can also be true is that the transient qubit can be used here, picture here, simply as the non-linear element needed to initialize your system. But you can encode quantum states in the actual resonator rather than using the transport. So in that particular type of architecture, you actually can have substantial advantages. First of all, you take advantage of the very long coherent structure and also this all-to-all connectivity and various other things. But even just looking at a glance at these objects, if we make it work with this 3D architecture, essentially with just one transplant cubit and a multi-cell structure like this. You can have 100 plus cubic processor does because you are encoding the states in the state of the cavity. This Lanka, Laos, going from cubic to score for example, q did approach is to use the energy levels instead of the traditional two is what I'm saying. With this whole talk to the conductivity. Scalability is potentially counter-intuitive to what people think omega structures are so big. So how can you scale up? But in reality, they could bring substantial advantage in terms of scalability a, because as I said, one object could be already under qubit B. Because so I put side-by-side an example here. So let's start from the object itself. So here you see a hand holding two cavities, each cavity. With the skewed it approach could encode, for example, 20 cubits. And then we're holding hand here, we get the chip of eight cubits. So it's not that far. And then I'll get him Here. Dilution refrigerator with a cube you with all the wiring. And so that's another important story, the wiring. So when you say scalability, sure, cheaper, small for sure, you can put a lot of cubit the neighbor, then you have to wire them and that's a lot of volume. And so 3D objects actually can bring the advantage of having simply one input and one output line and being able to have a 100 plus qubit encoded in it, we just two wires. I wanted to also mention the science potential advantage. So one thing that you can do with these structures and take advantage of this very, very large coherence times this two seconds that I showed you earlier, directly probing the quantum to classical transition so we can build shredding a cat state of records large-scaled. Thanks to the fact, because this is directly related to how large your quality factor is. So and this is what I showed you before the dark for the maximum searches and physics simulations enabled by the all-to-all cubic activity. Okay, So I think we have ten minutes left. I'm going to skip on this because those are more organizational parts. But maybe I can just show you the facilities part. So we really build upon the existence of very large investments in DOE facilities and other federal, private and educational facilities, testbed foundries and so on. So we have three different foundries for 2D and 3D. Structure for device application integration. 11 Kelvin quantum testbed for materials and device coefficient, physics experiment and materials and subtracting composition facilities, top-notch ones from Ames Laboratory, but also from Northwestern, another university's quantum computing HPC platform and the world largest underground dilution feature, grandpa. So this is just a highlight, but just to show you, this is an example, the facilities a Fermilab, of course, you don't get to seconds of lifetime just like that. I mean, those are hundreds of millions of dollars in investments in unique chemistry furnace, clean room facilities and so on. To get to this level of technological finesse, to get to two this numbers. This is other examples of like heat treatments are crucial to make new materials. So we have some very special AFDC differences and particular types of high temperature furnace where we make this new materials, coatings on the structures that perform with this stellar quality factor potentially even pay high Tesla field. This is the 2D foundry or the Getty where they make chips and cubits. And the nist is also offering actually their facilities for making custom cubits where things that we will explore, for example, so-so should we make qubits rather than on silicon, on sapphire? If the dominant loss mechanism comes, for example, from the substrate. Millie kelvin refrigerators will be key. And so we have a fleet GKE. We have a fleet of dilution fridges at Fermilab and also testbed at nist, Colorado Boulder. And then the material science facilities that may seem more common. But in reality, we will make very unique by upgrading several Material Science tools and also superconducting characterization tools to really go to cryogenic temperatures even Millie kelvin where possible. And this is the Northwestern facilities that will be made available. And of course, other infrastructure and cryogenic facilities. So I'll maybe conclude by just showing that we have a very important component of DOE. And even OSEP is emphasizing the importance of growing a new generation, new quantum workforce. So that the educational initiatives of SEMS will be led by Northwestern University in our center. We shall discuss, professor shall discuss is actually the lead. And Professor Jens cock will be also the co-leader of this effort. And so we will look at all possible vehicles to train, of course, new students at all different levels from undergrad, grad, PhDs, summer schools, a lot of hands-on training that will be offered also a summer school, so internships for all different level of students. But also we'll be looking at training engineers, technicians, and various other things. And of course, we are fully utilizing the Italian weapon here, which is, there'll be some schools in Italy where everybody will want to go. Okay, So then Concluding, I just want to show the scale of these objects they will build. So for those who are familiar, that this is the former CDF hall where the big CDF detector was. And the spaces currently utilized by the experiment mid-20s testing. But they will be done with this space at Fermilab in about six months to a year. And so that's where we will actually we will take possession of the space and we'll start building these very large dilution frigid that will host this quantum computer prototype. So with this, I conclude, so this will be a unique collaboration. We're very excited gathering multi-disciplinary top talent and facilities towards very ambitious quantum computing sensing goals. We will have a very focused mission. So that was kind of what we really, it was a very iterative process took to write this proposal. We were less focus at the beginning. And then we we had helped with some advisory review committee that told us okay, be more focused and tried to say that you will build something and that's what we will do. So we will build something revolutionary in terms of a quantum computer prototype or new quantum sensors. The may enable new physics discovered. Okay, Thank you. Let's give around the virtual applause. Thank you so much. Absolutely. Accidental. And congratulations on the DOE a center. And if you have a question, raise your hand. I see that firsthand from Greg. I think this is Applause. Follow if you have a question, raise your hand and then I will. I think you can unmute. You felt the questions? Yeah. Or you can just speak. If there are no questions, I can say that we look forward to advertise several other know if there are students or postdocs also for the faculty. We will advertise soon many positions in terms of post-docs, in terms of associate Scientist and PhD students. So summer internship, as I said, so we look forward to connect with you to work together. We're going to need everyone's out because of course, with five centers standing up in the nation, you can imagine there will be large demand for, for the workforce. So actually I have a question on here. Let me make sure and monitor as a participant, I see that JSON file, we're going to cast it, which is a quite a few team as well. And I know there is in formula up there is just 100 projects to build. On. The, one hand, me, the atomic interferometer. Is it also important with central, and I'm interesting also to see was that you will have sort of kind of a general strategists Wo, to increase collaboration between the particle theory and the experiment quantum sensors. Because I actually, I've been looking at the, looking at the Fourier theory initiative for new physics searches with quantum sensors and how to organize it. It sounds like I know, for example, when you harness our MSU humanist theories, there are in the center as well. Do you plan steward of a larger initiative to bring political theory and quantum sensor people together. So let me step bantering that and then I'll go to Catholic login. So, so we have a lot of theorists actually already in collaboration. I think. Let me see if I can remember all of them. So this harmonic here. And there is various theories from the theater department, the Fermilab, Marcel I and others are contributing when compatibly with their time, but there will be also hiding some of the pose down you postdocs. But as existing people from other institutions, they are part of the collaboration already. We have Peter Graham from Stanford. We have Jeep Wrangler. Yeah. So as to get the usage and options now, I don't want to forget, you only can unique and very important unica comes from. He's now at Urbana-Champaign. We have some other theories actually also from ifndef. From the fan part of a section where they do a lot of dark matter searches there. So we tried as much as possible to include the theories that we knew had interests and I'd already written papers on SRF cavities searching for that photon so or dark matter such as utilizing a serif cavity. So that doesn't mean of course that this is the end of it. And of course the UN we, we will be really interested in having more collaborators. And so the vehicle that we have there is simply people can ask, Ronnie harmonic is the leader, is our chief theorist, is the leader of physics sensing part. And so people can just reach to Ronnie. And then we will also, do you want us to have some process for evaluating new collaborators by it's not impossible course there will be no new funding by, could be synergistic to other people's activities. So I would similar centers will be open to exploring new collaborations. And then you ask me other part which was Kathleen Hogan. Yeah, so casually to login to PIs of our center. So thereafter, so Majesty's not part because enters could not subsidize experiments, existing experiments. But what, what cartilage and organ will do is quantum or optimal control. For that is, there's a big effort of quantum optimal control theory for SRF cavities, all that out, you control the pulses shape optimal spouses for this SRF cavities in the quantum computer. So it's very synergistic, is converting or controls, we'd actually the atom interferometry effort. So there will be kinda like a group that is really cohesive in terms of this quantum motor controls that then can enable different application, both SRF cavities and an atom interferometer. So that's the rule. So they will be embedded in, in the group. Now the name, I'm missing, a Northwestern there is another collaborator. Some curvature. The curvature, correct? Yes. Yes. Thank you. It's really great to see the results in five years. Yes, pyogenes, so many things to be done under questions. You just can just speak if you want those or you can ask the child to working on mute. Let's see if I can just move mute. You can unmute yourself. Going. There were five of these centers funded only. Could you say something red links between the different chain rule or you look independently? Yeah. So DOE is going to look very carefully into these five centers are ones the hours led by Fermilab with others led by argon. One is led by Berkeley, and ones that Baroque region one is led by Brookhaven. So there you will be looking closely at the integrations. Of course we are independent, so we have our own scope and, and, and everything that I just described. However, the way the we will be linked is there is a formal mechanism which is called the Executive Council, which is a group where all five center directors are members. And then DOE. So there are several DOE members. So first of all, they have, they are very well integrated a DOE level. So the Muslim sect with that, he has a group of about, I believe, maybe like seven or so program managers. That seven or eight, the Act as a whole group overseeing the whole broad centered portfolio. And then they are, they, they divide into like 2222 the kind of supervise the different centers, but they still work as a group to make sure that there is no duplication of efforts. But also that thing that I learned in one can be useful for others and things like that. And then this executive council, as I said. So DOE members and me and the other center directors will be part of it and we will meet periodically. And the for example, the first meetings already called for November second, where we will call to report on what is our activities. And also gradually they are pushing us to kinda, of course we didn't know anything or what others were doing it during the application process. But now we will be learning more and more and increase communication. And, and we'll see, we'll see how much. For example, we, at the proposal stage envisioned some funding and what we call TIS ecosystem trust to really do that, to have the possibility to have some pilot programs. For example, if at the centers are doing activities where it's really beneficial to have a collaboration. We have some funding that we can allocate to that. So there are some mechanisms right now, but I'm sure. As we start to meet and more as we have been getting the launch and fees or the center. So this will be shaped further. Are there questions? Heather? This is this is great over there. I have a quick question for you. You mentioned I mentioned you mentioned offhand early on about about Google's efforts on this front, right. So we're related fronts. So is there any cross talk with, with the private sector? To what extent does that happen, if at all? And is there is there any collaboration or possibilities of collaboration on that front? Yeah, Yeah, absolutely not. This is highly encouraged them in this is what dissenters are supposed to do is to work very closely with industry. Just so in our cases we get so lucky, is in a sense, even larger than Google, probably FIFO in quantum computing as far as I know in terms of people and so on. So for us, our primary partners that and of course, a key condition over again was that we wouldn't partner, for example, with Google, with IBM, right? So, but there are other centers, I believe, if I'm not mistaken, Brookhaven Yale Center partners closely with IBM, for example. I don't recall if Google is playing a role in any. But I mean, the things that we will do will benefit broadly anyway, right? If we increase the lifetime of the transplant to milliseconds and above, it will be transformational for all superconducting to the platforms. And is there an a there the complexities associated with the private sector aims versus public sector aims, right? So IP for example, and thanks again. Yeah, that's exactly what I'm busy with those days. Modern science, which is, of course in the starting phase. We have to worry a lot about exactly that. I mean, there are big sensitivities. You know, we are trying to shape everything in a way that makes everybody happy. We are in the middle of the tension between we want to publish it, we want to show scientific results, but at the same time we have to protect things that we're doing. We cannot screw up a company likely to get t by just opening up their IEP. They are opening all the repeat was, right? So there is a lot of work involved here. Lowers the technology transfer office and all these kind of things. In writing, NDAs and writing, we have an IEP plan that was submitted as part of the center that everybody can have worked on at the stage of the proposal shaping all the legal offices of the different participants worked on writing this I pea plants. We can work under that umbrella, but things have to be shaped further. And there are presumably also security implications for this ride and sort of US competitiveness implications for this kind of thing as well. That's absolutely true. And so that's also another very sticky point in the sense of, you know, we had DOE. So we have things that are called like the S and P matrix, where technologies are the yellow, red, green. And so many other things that we'll do are coded yellow, red. And so access to labs where we do certain things may be restricted. And so that could restrict the nationality of the students that we take in certain areas. For example, there is a question in chat, or how do you think is the first quantum computer will be that refers to the computer your team plans to construct. And if the system side you expect for the same trends as Moore's Law will predict or would they be something specific about quantum computing that prohibits simple scaling our size? So let me just as you can see question on chat actually, yeah, how big it will be new. But I think I showed that picture earlier. It kinda looks really ginormous, right? If you think it's a very large dilution fridge, which is like three meter in diameter, like five meter in height, and then hooks up to a plant and then all the electronics, the racks that goes to it that they can occupy a room. So it's really big. It's distance as we follow the same trends as Moore's Law would predict. There will be some discussion in the previous unit. It's really beyond what I can foresee right now. I'm in right now it's CloudGenix. The next is a mass to this architecture. I mean, we are, we are handling photon, one photon, right? So we have to be at Millie kelvin temperature even, you know, aside for from the technologies that you use, you, you need to obey thermal noise for this particular type of architecture that you use. And so just a dilution frigid is the size of a room, right? So it is beyond the scope of what we will be doing. I would say to think about cal abused in terms of going to a desk size laptop. But to me the real question is, do you needed those are at the moment, kind of like one of the type facilities like supercomputers. So they will perform very special calculations. And so in terms of scalability for portability, I'm not sure that we really need to think about that in terms of scalability for needing to enable particular application. So, and so doing useful computation. Then I touched upon that earlier by saying, you know, if you have to go to hundreds of cube it. Then again, we're following these different routes of the cheap, but then you have wires, then you could be the cavity. There could be more compact. And so their coherence could play a really critical role in scalability. So thank you. Other questions? Good luck. Thank our speaker again, the virtual round of applause. Thank you so much and we are really looking forward to the results from the center. That's very exciting. Thank you very much. Thank you. Buh-bye. Buh-bye. Bye.
Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems (SQMS) – a new DOE National Quantum Information Science Research Center |Anna Grassellino Fermilab 2020/10/21
From Federica Bianco September 14, 2021
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Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems (SQMS) – a new DOE National Quantum Information Science Research Center
In this colloquium we will describe the mission, goals and the partnership strengths of the new SQMS Center. SQMS brings the power of DOE laboratories, together with industry, academia and other federal entities, to achieve transformational advances in the major cross-cutting challenge of understanding and eliminating the decoherence mechanisms in superconducting 2D and 3D devices, with the final goal of enabling construction and deployment of superior quantum systems for computing and sensing. SQMS combines the strengths of an array of experts and world-class facilities towards these common goals.
Materials science experts will work in understanding and mitigating the key limiting mechanisms of coherence in the quantum regime. Coherence time is the limit on how long a qubit can retain its quantum state before that state is ruined by noise. It is critical to advancing quantum computing, sensing and communication. SQMS is leading the way in extending coherence time of superconducting quantum systems thanks to world-class materials science and through the development of superconducting quantum cavities integrated with industry-designed and -fabricated computer chips.
Leveraging new understanding from the materials development, quantum device and quantum computing researchers will pursue device integration and quantum controls development for 2-D and 3-D superconducting architectures. One of the ambitious goals of SQMS is to build and deploy a beyond-state-of-the-art quantum computer based on superconducting technologies. Its unique high connectivity will provide unprecedented opportunity to explore novel quantum algorithms. SQMS researchers will ultimately build quantum computer prototypes based on 2-D and 3-D architectures, enabling new quantum simulation for science applications and will be made available to computing researchers via HEPCloud.
High energy physics experts in the center will make use of the SQMS quantum technologies advancements for physics applications, improving current detection sensitivities by up to orders of magnitude, with consequent increased discovery potential. This will aid physicists in searches for undiscovered particles and could lead to the discovery of the nature of dark matter.
Quantum communication experts in the center will deploy high-coherence devices with seconds of coherence time for microwave photons. This advance enables the development of quantum memories, a key component of long-range quantum communication systems. SQMS researchers plan to demonstrate microwave-to-microwave transfer of entangled states between 3-D quantum systems.
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